Table 1 Characteristics of the study population
From: Alcohol drinking and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan
Variable | n (%) or mean (SD) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Â | Cases (N = 214) | Controls (N = 327) | Â |
Sex (%) | Â | Â | 0.86 |
   Male | 73 (34.1) | 114 (34.9) |  |
   Female | 141 (65.9) | 213 (65.1) |  |
Age (y) | 67.9 (8.5) | 66.4 (8.6) | 0.04 |
Region of residence (%) | Â | Â | 0.43 |
   Fukuoka | 81 (37.9) | 135 (41.3) |  |
   Kinki | 133 (62.2) | 192 (58.7) |  |
Pack-years of smoking (%) | Â | Â | 0.007 |
   None | 164 (76.6) | 211 (64.5) |  |
   0.1-29.9 | 28 (13.1) | 55 (16.8) |  |
   ≥ 30.0 | 22 (10.3) | 61 (18.7) |  |
Education (%) | Â | Â | 0.74 |
   < 10 y | 39 (18.2) | 64 (19.6) |  |
   10-12 y | 110 (51.4) | 157 (48.0) |  |
   ≥ 13 y | 65 (30.4) | 106 (32.4) |  |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 22.4 (3.3) | 23.0 (3.3) | 0.04 |
Current drinking (%) | Â | Â | 0.71 |
   No | 115 (53.7) | 181 (55.4) |  |
   Yes | 99 (46.3) | 146 (44.7) |  |
Alcohol flushing status (%) | Â | Â | 0.39 |
   Never flushing | 107 (50.0) | 166 (50.8) |  |
   Former flushing | 4 (1.9) | 2 (0.6) |  |
   Current flushing | 103 (48.1) | 159 (48.6) |  |
Presence of medication history (%) | Â | Â | Â |
   Hypertension | 50 (23.4) | 123 (37.6) | 0.0005 |
   Hypercholesterolemia | 20 (9.4) | 52 (15.9) | 0.028 |
   Diabetes mellitus | 9 (4.2) | 29 (8.9) | 0.038 |
Daily intakea | Â | Â | Â |
   Total energy (kJ) | 8418.6 (2546.8) | 8388.6 (3145.4) | 0.90 |
   Caffeine (mg/4184 KJ) | 153.0 (112.2) | 194.6 (139.2) | 0.0001 |
   Cholesterol (mg/4184 KJ) | 157.8 (60.0) | 147.7 (60.9) | 0.06 |
   Vitamin E (mg/4184 KJ) | 4.2 (1.2) | 4.2 (1.2) | 0.88 |
   Vitamin B-6 (mg/4184 KJ) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.6 (0.2) | 0.94 |
   Iron (mg/4184 KJ) | 3.8 (0.9) | 3.8 (1.0) | 0.47 |
   Dietary glycemic index | 64.9 (4.7) | 65.4 (5.2) | 0.27 |