Alcohol drinking and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan

Fukushima, Wakaba; Miyake, Yoshihiro; Tanaka, Keiko; Sasaki, Satoshi; Kiyohara, Chikako; Tsuboi, Yoshio; Yamada, Tatsuo; Oeda, Tomoko; Miki, Takami; Kawamura, Nobutoshi; Sakae, Nobutaka; Fukuyama, Hidenao; Hirota, Yoshio; Nagai, Masaki

doi:10.1186/1471-2377-10-111

BMC Neurology

Table 4 ORs for Parkinson's disease in relation to alcohol drinking during "peak" period by flushing status

From: Alcohol drinking and risk of Parkinson's disease: a case-control study in Japan

Alcohol drinking during "peak" period ^a	n (%)		Crude OR (95% CI)	Adjusted OR^b (95% CI)	Adjusted OR^c (95% CI)
*Never flushing*	*Cases* *(N = 107)*	*Controls* *(N = 166)*
Frequency
Non-drinker	79 (73.8)	127 (76.5)	1.00	1.00	1.00
< 6 days per week	23 (21.5)	24 (14.5)	1.54 (0.81-2.92)	1.65 (0.80-3.44)	1.32 (0.60-2.93)
≥ 6 days per week	5 (4.7)	15 (9.0)	0.54 (0.17-1.44)	0.78 (0.22-2.54)	0.61 (0.17-1.99)
P for trend			0.82	0.67	0.77
Amount per day (ethanol, g)
Non-drinker	79 (73.8)	127 (76.5)	1.00	1.00	1.00
0.1-65.9	17 (15.9)	21 (12.7)	1.30 (0.64-2.61)	1.33 (0.61-2.87)	1.07 (0.47-2.43)
≥ 66.0	11 (10.3)	18 (10.8)	0.98 (0.43-2.16)	1.54 (0.54-4.39)	1.11 (0.37-3.31)
P for trend			0.80	0.32	0.82
Amount per week (ethanol, g)
Non-drinker	79 (73.8)	127 (76.5)	1.00	1.00	1.00
0.1-219.3	19 (17.8)	23 (13.9)	1.33 (0.68-2.59)	1.46 (0.69-3.09)	1.18 (0.53-2.63)
≥ 219.4	9 (8.4)	16 (9.6)	0.90 (0.37-2.11)	1.24 (0.42-3.60)	0.89 (0.29-2.66)
P for trend			0.85	0.44	0.99
*Former/current flushing*	*Cases* *(N = 107)*	*Controls* *(N = 161)*
Frequency
Non-drinker	36 (33.6)	54 (33.5)	1.00	1.00	1.00
< 6 days per week	40 (37.4)	53 (32.9)	1.13 (0.63-2.04)	1.12 (0.56-2.26)	0.97 (0.47-2.02)
≥ 6 days per week	31 (29.0)	54 (33.5)	0.86 (0.47-1.59)	0.98 (0.43-2.26)	0.84 (0.35-2.00)
P for trend			0.64	0.96	0.68
Amount per day (ethanol, g)
Non-drinker	36 (33.6)	54 (33.5)	1.00	1.00	1.00
0.1-65.9	29 (27.1)	52 (32.3)	0.84 (0.45-1.55)	0.97 (0.48-1.97)	0.84 (0.40-1.77)
≥ 66.0	42 (39.3)	55 (34.2)	1.15 (0.64-2.06)	1.38 (0.61-3.17)	1.16 (0.49-2.74)
P for trend			0.63	0.44	0.71
Amount per week (ethanol, g)
Non-drinker	36 (33.6)	54 (33.5)	1.00	1.00	1.00
0.1-219.3	22 (20.6)	50 (31.1)	0.66 (0.34-1.26)	0.79 (0.38-1.64)	0.66 (0.30-1.43)
≥ 219.4	49 (45.8)	57 (35.4)	1.29 (0.73-2.29)	2.06 (0.88-4.96)	1.82 (0.75-4.53)
P for trend			0.33	0.13	0.23

OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
^a Defined as period during which the subject's alcohol consumption was the highest.
^b Adjusted for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, and presence of medication history for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes.
^c Adjusted for sex, age, region of residence, pack-years of smoking, years of education, body mass index, presence of medication history for hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes, dietary intake of caffeine, cholesterol, vitamin E, vitamin B6, iron, and dietary glycemic index.

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ISSN: 1471-2377

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