The association between use of electronic media and prevalence of headache in adolescents: results from a population-based cross-sectional study

Table 2 Frequency (%) of electronic-media use, stratified for type of headache.

	No headache (n = 536)	Any headache (n = 489)	Pure migraine (n = 42)	Pure TTH (n = 212)	Migraine+TTH (n = 122)	MH (n = 113)
Mobile phone
No mobile phone	12.3	9.6	7.1	8.5	10.7	11.5
<5 minutes	66.2	65.4	61.9	68.4	67.2	59.3
6 - 15 minutes	14.4	17.0	21.4	17.9	18.0	12.4
16 - 30 minutes	3.9	5.1	4.8	2.8	4.1	10.6
30 minutes or more	3.2	2.9	4.8	2.4	0.0	6.2
p†		0.1847	0.1572	0.6685	0.6295	*0.0171*
Computer/internet
Never	14.6	11.7	14.3	9.9	8.2	17.7
30 minutes	34.0	33.7	26.2	35.4	38.5	28.3
1 - 2 hours	36.0	40.7	47.6	40.6	39.3	39.8
3 hours or more	15.5	13.9	11.9	14.2	13.9	14.2
p		0.4306	0.7487	0.3721	0.4681	0.8360
Television/videos
Never	5.2	5.5	2.4	4.2	9.8	4.4
30 minutes	27.8	31.9	28.6	36.3	32.8	23.9
1 - 2 hours	52.4	50.3	50.0	50.5	43.4	57.5
3 hours or more	14.6	12.3	19.0	9.0	13.9	14.2
p		0.1406	0.4388	*0.0445*	0.0573	0.5122
Game consoles
Never	71.6	74.0	71.4	75.9	77.0	68.1
30 minutes	16.0	16.8	19.0	17.9	15.6	15.0
1 - 2 hours	9.3	7.4	7.1	4.7	7.4	12.4
3 hours or more	3.0	1.8	2.4	1.4	0.0	4.4
p		0.1540	0.7987	*0.0458*	0.0777	0.2540
Music
Never	11.0	5.1	2.4	6.1	3.3	6.2
30 minutes	30.8	27.8	31.0	25.0	28.7	31.0
1 - 2 hours	27.4	32.9	21.4	36.9	37.7	24.8
3 hours or more	30.8	34.2	45.2	32.1	30.3	38.1
p		*0.0026*	*0.0493*	*0.0341*	0.0817	0.1064
Overall media index‡
Never	1.5	0.8	0.0	0.5	0.8	1.8
30 minutes	1.9	4.1	4.8	3.3	4.9	4.4
1 - 2 hours	27.4	29.2	26.2	28.3	36.1	24.8
3 - 4 hours	31.2	33.5	33.3	38.7	26.2	31.9
5 - 6 hours	25.6	22.1	19.0	20.8	23.8	23.9
7 hours or more	12.5	10.2	16.7	8.5	8.2	13.3
p		0.0725	0.9217	*0.1221*	*0.0369*	0.7665

† p values of Cochrane-Armitage tests for underlying trends of media use between no headache vs. different types of headache.
‡ The overall media index was estimated by adding up time spent with computer/internet, television/videos and game consoles.

ISSN: 1471-2377