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Table 3 Adjusted odds ratios (95% confidence intervals) in comparison to no headache for occupation with electronic media.†

From: The association between use of electronic media and prevalence of headache in adolescents: results from a population-based cross-sectional study

 

Any headache (n = 489)

Pure migraine (n = 42)

Pure TTH

(n = 212)

Migraine+TTH (n = 122)

MH

(n = 113)

Mobile phone

     

No mobile phone

1

1

1

1

1

<5 minutes

1.1 (0.7-1.7)

1.1 (0.3-4.0)

1.3 (0.8-2.4)

0.9 (0.4-1.7)

0.9 (0.5-1.7)

6 - 15 minutes

1.2 (0.7-2.0)

1.7 (0.4-7.0)

1.3 (0.6-2.6)

1.2 (0.5-2.7)

0.8 (0.3-1.8)

16 - 30 minutes

1.0 (0.4-2.2)

0.5 (0.1-4.8)

0.6 (0.2-2.1)

0.9 (0.2-3.6)

1.5 (0.5-4.4)

30 minutes or more

0.7 (0.3-1.7)

0.9 (0.1-7.9)

0.7 (0.2-2.4)

-

1.1 (0.3-3.8)

Computer/internet

     

Never

1

1

1

1

1

30 minutes

1.2 (0.8-1.9)

0.8 (0.3-2.4)

1.3 (0.7-2.4)

2.3 (1.1-5.1)

0.8 (0.4-1.5)

1 - 2 hours

1.3 (0.9-2.0)

1.2 (0.4-3.4)

1.4 (0.8-2.6)

1.6 (0.7-3.5)

1.0 (0.5-1.8)

3 hours or more

1.2 (0.7-2.1)

0.6 (0.1-2.8)

1.5 (0.7-3.1)

1.9 (0.7-4.9)

1.0 (0.4-2.1)

Television/videos

     

Never

1

1

1

1

1

30 minutes

1.1 (0.6-2.0)

1.7 (0.2-14.6)

1.7 (0.8-4.0)

0.7 (0.3-1.5)

1.0 (0.3-2.8)

1 - 2 hours

1.0 (0.5-1.7)

2.8 (0.2-22.9)

1.3 (0.6-3.0)

0.6 (0.3-1.2)

1.2 (0.4-3.2)

3 hours or more

0.9 (0.4-1.8)

3.3 (0.4-29.9)

0.8 (0.3-2.4)

0.7 (0.2-1.9)

1.0 (0.3-3.5)

Game consoles

     

Never

1

1

1

1

1

30 minutes

1.4 (0.9-2.0)

2.2 (0.9-5.5)

1.4 (0.9-2.2)

1.3 (0.7-2.4)

1.3 (0.7-2.3)

1 - 2 hours

1.2 (0.8-2.0)

1.7 (0.4-6.7)

0.7 (0.3-1.4)

1.3 (0.6-3.0)

2.4 (1.2-4.9)

3 hours or more

1.0 (0.4-2.3)

1.2 (0.1-10.6)

0.7 (0.2-2.5)

-

2.7 (0.9-8.2)

Music

     

Never

1

1

1

1

1

30 minutes

1.8 (1.1-3.1)

4.0 (0.5-31.8)

1.4 (0.7-2.7)

2.7 (0.9-8.0)

1.8 (0.7-4.3)

1 - 2 hours

2.1 (1.2-3.7)

1.9 (0.2-16.6)

2.0 (1.0-4.0)

3.8 (1.3-11.1)

1.4 (0.6-3.6)

3 hours or more

2.0 (1.2-3.5)

5.0 (0.6-39.6)

1.7 (0.8-3.4)

2.3 (0.7-7.1)

2.2 (0.9-5.4)

Overall media index‡

     

Max. 30 minutes

1

1

1

1

1

1 - 2 hours

0.7 (0.4-1.3)

0.6 (0.1-3.4)

0.7 (0.3-1.9)

0.8 (0.3-2.0)

0.5 (0.2-1.4)

3 - 4 hours

0.8 (0.4-1.6)

0.6 (0.1-3.2)

1.1 (0.4-2.6)

0.6 (0.2-1.6)

0.6 (0.2-1.7)

5 - 6 hours

0.6 (0.3-1.3)

0.8 (0.1-4.4)

0.6 (0.3-1.7)

0.8 (0.3-2.2)

0.6 (0.2-1.7)

7 hours or more

0.7 (0.3-1.5)

0.6 (0.1-3.7)

0.7 (0.3-2.1)

0.5 (0.1-1.6)

0.8 (0.3-2.5)

  1. † Logistic regression models were adjusted for age group, sex, family condition and socio-economic status.
  2. ‡ The overall media index was estimated by adding up time spent with computer/internet, television/videos and game consoles.