Table 1 Patients with Graves' disease and encephalopathy associated with autoimmune thyroid disease.
Reference | Age | Gender | Clinical manifestations | EAATD relapses (in the short term) | Thyroid hormones | Responsiveness to corticosteroid therapy |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Patient 1 [3] | 21 | ♀ | seizures, involuntary movements, altered consciousness | no | - hyperthyroidism | - clinical improvement - decrease of the auto-Abs |
Patient 2 [13] | 23 | ♀ | seizures, cognitive impairment, altered consciousness | 1 relapse | - hyperthyroidism - euthyroidism at EAATD relapse | - clinical improvement - decrease of the auto-Abs |
Patient 3 [14] | 51 | ♀ | involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, decreased verbal fluency, altered consciousness | 1 relapse | - hyperthyroidism - euthyroidism at EAATD relapse | - clinical improvement - decrease of the auto-Abs |
Patient 4 [15] | 45 | ♀ | involuntary movements, mono-lateral weakness, dysarthria, altered consciousness, hallucinations, sphincters incontinence | no | - hyperthyroidism | - clinical improvement - decrease of the auto-Abs - plasmapheresis was required |
Patient 5 [16] | 29 | ♀ | headache, altered hearing, nausea and vomit, blunted papilla, nystagmus | no | - hyperthyroidism | - clinical improvement - decrease of the auto-Abs |
Patient 6 [17] | 57 | ♀ | involuntary movements, altered consciousness | no | not reported | - clinical improvement |
Patient 7 [17] | 25 | ♀ | seizures, headache, involuntary movements, ataxia, aphasia, altered consciousness | persisting symptoms | not reported | - partial improvement |
Patient 8 [18] | 12 | ♀ | optic neuritis, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesis | no | - hyperthyroidism | - clinical worsening |
Patient 9 [19] | 68 | ♀ | seizures, altered consciousness, anxiety, hallucinations | no | - euthyroidism | - clinical improvement |
Patient 10 [20] | 61 | ♂ | involuntary movements, ataxia, cognitive impairment, altered consciousness, depression | no | - post-RAI hypothyroidism | - clinical improvement |
Patient 11 [21] | 47 | ♀ | seizures, headache, hemiplegia, cognitive impairment, altered consciousness, hallucinations | no | - hyperthyroidism | - clinical improvement - decrease of the auto-Abs |
Patient 12 [22] | 40 | ♀ | seizures, hemiplegia, dysathria, cognitive impairment, altered consciousness | no | - hyperthyroidism | - no corticosteroid treatment - spontaneous improvement |
Patient 13 [23] | 79 | ♀ | seizures, involuntary movements, cognitive impairment, altered consciousness | not reported | - hyperthyroidism | - clinical improvement |
Patient 14 [24] | 55 | ♂ | involuntary movements, ataxia, altered consciousness, anxiety, hallucinations | 1 relapse | - hyperthyroidism - very mild hypothyroidism at EAATD relapse | - clinical improvement - decrease of the auto-Abs |