HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders in sub-Saharan Africa: a pilot study in Cameroon

BMC Neurology

Table 1 Neuropsychological (NP) tests battery and Z-scores (mean ± SD) in the HIV+ group

Ability domain	NP tests (reference)	HIV+ (N = 44)	P<	d
Verbal	Letter Fluency [34, 35]	-0.07 ± 1.02	0.72	.07
	Animal Fluency [35]	-0.17 ± 0.82	0.37	.18
	Action Fluency [36, 37]	-0.15 ± 0.70	0.42	.17
Executive Functions	Category Test [38]	-0.53 ± 0.95	0.01	.52
	WCST-64 Total Errors [39]	-0.88 ± 1.40	0.002	.68
	Color Trails II [40]	-0.34 ± 1.07	0.34	.31
Speed of information processing	TMT-A (U.S. War Department, 1944)	-0.04 ± 0.84	0.83	.04
	WAIS-III Digit symbol [41]	-0.33 ± 0.86	0.09	.34
	WAIS-III Symbol Search [41]	-0.33 ± 0.83	0.10	.34
	Stroop Color [42]	-0.30 ± 0.97	0.15	.29
	Color Trails I [40]	-0.17 ± 0.95	0.41	.17
Memory Learning	BVMT-R Learning [43]	-0.33 ± 1.14	0.15	.29
	HVLT-R Learning [44]	-0.08 ± 1.20	0.71	.07
Memory Recall	BVMT-R Delay Recall [43]	-0.42 ± 1.30	0.09	.35
	HVLT-R Delay Recall [44]	-0.18 ± 1.05	0.41	.17
Working Memory	PASAT 50 [45, 46]	-0.49 ± 0.96	0.02	.48
	WMS-III Spatial Span [47]	-0.41 ± 0.89	0.04	.41
Motor function	Grooved Pegboard DH [48]	-0.18 ± 1.17	0.42	.16
	Grooved Pegboard NDH [48]	-0.26 ± 1.23	0.28	.22
Mean Z-score		-0.30 ± 0.64	0.05	.41

Raw scores were transformed into z-scores using the control's mean and standard deviation. P represents statistical significance when comparing mean z-scores or HIV+ and mean z-scores of HIV- group. Abbreviations: SD: standard deviation; WCST: Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; TMT-A: Trail Making Test part A; WAIS: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale; BVMT-R: Brief Visuospatial Memory Test-Revised; HVLT-R: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised; PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; WMS: Wechsler Memory Scale; DH: dominant hand; NDH: non-dominant hand.

ISSN: 1471-2377