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Table 1 Prevalence estimate data that were selected and entered for meta-regression analysis

From: Geomagnetic disturbances may be environmental risk factor for multiple sclerosis: an ecological study of 111 locations in 24 countries

Location

Year

N. patients

Prevalence (per 105)

GeoLat (Degree)

GeoMag (Degree)

AMAG60 (Degree)

AGRAPH60 (Degree)

Reference

North America

Canada

    Alberta

2004

11562

357

52

58.9

1.1

8

Warren et al. [31] †

    Atlantic

2000

16032

350

49.3

59.3

0.7

10.7

Beck et al. [32] †

    British Colombia

1982

4620

131

54

59.18

0.82

6

Sweeney et al. [33]

    London (Ontario)

1983

190

94

42.59

53.21

6.79

17.41

Hader et al. [34]

    Ontario

2000

33529

230

51

60.9

0.9

9

Beck et al. [32] †

    Québec

2000

20551

180

52

62.27

2.27

8

Beck et al. [32] †

    Saskatoon

2005

537

298

52.07

59.84

0.16

7.93

Hader and Yee [35]

    Westlock

1991

23

200

54.09

61.11

1.11

5.91

Warren and Warren [36]

United States of America

    Colorado

1982

274

84

39.3

47.98

12.02

20.7

Nelson et al. [37]

    Key West

1985

22

70

24.33

35

25

35.67

Helmick et al. [38]

    Sugarcreek & Independence (Missouri)

2010

106

86

41.24

50.93

9.07

18.76

Noonan et al. [39]

    Lorain county (Ohio)

2010

320

109

41.22

50.89

9.11

18.78

Noonan et al. [39]

    Olmsted

2000

218

177

41.24

51.32

8.68

18.76

Mayr et al. [40]

    Rochester

1984

102

173

44.02

53.24

6.76

15.98

Wynn et al. [41]

    Texas

2000

182

42

31.3

40.26

19.74

28.7

Noonan et al. [39]

Australasia

Australia

    Canberra

1996

155

49

35.16

42.74

17.26

24.84

Simmons et al. [42]

    Newcastle

1996

79

59

32.55

39.86

20.14

27.45

Barnett et al. [43]

    New South Wales

1981

1907

37

33

41.5

18.5

27

McLeod et al. [44]

    South Australia

1981

378

28

30

39.77

20.23

30

McLeod et al. [44]

New Zealand

2010

2917

73.1

    

Taylor et al. [45] ‡

    Auckland

2006

732

59

36.5

39.8

20.2

23.5

Taylor et al. [46]

    Bay of plenty

2006

132

50

38.3

41.12

18.88

21.7

Taylor et al. [46]

    Canterbury

2006

557

103

44.2

47.85

12.15

15.8

Taylor et al. [46]

    Gisborne

2006

20

46.7

38.4

41.05

18.95

21.6

Taylor et al. [46]

    Hawke Bay

2006

82

54.3

39

41.8

18.2

21

Taylor et al. [46]

    Manawatu-Wanganui

2006

120

54

39.7

42.74

17.26

20.3

Taylor et al. [46]

    Marlborough

2006

42

86.8

41.4

44.75

15.25

18.6

Taylor et al. [46]

    Nelson-Tasman

2006

75

77.7

41.17

44.6

15.4

18.83

Taylor et al. [46]

    Northland

2006

82

50.8

35.5

38.9

21.1

24.5

Taylor et al. [46]

    Otago

2006

234

119.3

44.45

48.45

11.55

15.55

Taylor et al. [46]

    Southland

2006

148

134.6

45.5

49.74

10.26

14.5

Taylor et al. [46]

    Taranaki

2006

72

66.8

39.2

42.46

17.54

20.8

Taylor et al. [46]

    Waikato

2006

177

46.4

37.7

40.8

19.2

22.3

Taylor et al. [46]

    Wellington

2006

383

86.2

41.18

44.36

15.64

18.82

Taylor et al. [46]

Western Europe

Austria

2000

3420

98

47.2

46.94

13.06

12.8

Baumhackl et al. [47]

Belgium

    Flandern

1991

220

88

51

52.54

7.46

9

van Ooteghem et al. [48]

Denmark

2005

9377

154

56

55.95

4.05

4

Bentzen et al. [49]

England

    Cambridgshire

1993

347

119

52.2

54.16

5.84

7.8

Robertson et al. [50]

    Devon

2001

409

118

50.45

53.09

6.91

9.55

Fox et al. [51]

    East Angelia

1990

374

112

52.3

54.49

5.51

7.7

Mumford et al. [52]

    Guernsey

1993

53

95

49.28

51.81

8.19

10.72

Sharpe et al. [53]

    Jersey

1993

95

120

49.2

51.69

8.31

10.8

Sharpe et al. [53]

    Leeds

1996

712

84

53.5

55.67

4.33

6.5

Ford et al. [54]

    London

1984

195

115

51.5

53.66

6.34

8.5

Williams and McKeran [55]

    Northern East Angelia

1995

449

118

51.5

53.65

6.35

8.5

Robertson et al. [56]

    Rochdale

1989

200

96

53.38

55.77

4.23

6.62

Shepherd and Summers [57]

    Southampton

1987

384

92

50.55

52.97

7.03

9.45

Roberts et al. [58]

    Suffolk

1988

58

153

52.18

54.05

5.95

7.82

Lockyer [59]

    Sussex

1991

665

111

51.03

53.14

6.86

8.97

Rice-Oxley et al. [60]

Finland

    Central Finland

2000

277

105

62.5

59.31

0.69

2.5

Sarasoja et al. [61]

    Sienajoki

1993

398

186

62.45

59.78

0.22

2.45

Sumelahti et al. [62]

    Ussima

1993

1380

92

60.12

57.3

2.7

0.12

Sumelahti et al. [62]

    Vaasa

1993

199

108

63.09

60.53

0.53

3.09

Sumelahti et al. [62]

France

    Lorraine

2004

2718

120

49

49.93

10.07

11

Debouverie et al. [63]

Germany

    Rostock

1983

193

89

54.15

53.81

6.19

5.85

Meyer-Rienecker and Buddenhagen [64]

    South Lower Saxony

1986

222

83

52.63

52.84

7.16

7.37

Poser et al. [65]

    Southern Hesse

1980

324

52

49.8

50.28

9.72

10.2

Lauer et al. [66]

Iceland

1989

252

100

65

62.9

2.9

5

Benedikz et al. [67]

Ireland

    Donegal

2001

240

185

54.5

57.77

2.23

5.5

McGuigan et al. [68]

    Wexford

2001

126

121

52.2

55.28

4.72

7.8

McGuigan et al. [68]

Italy

    Alghero

1980

44

59

40.34

44.5

15.5

19.66

Rosati et al. [69]

    Aosta

1989

36

39

45.44

46.41

13.59

14.56

Sironi et al. [70]

    Bagheria

1994

25

49

38.05

38.07

21.93

21.95

Salemi et al. [71]

    Barbagia

1981

32

78

40.56

41.3

18.7

19.44

Granieri et al. [72]

    Caltanissetta

2002

101

166

37.48

37.37

22.63

22.52

Grimaldi et al. [73]

    Catania

1995

195

58

37.5

37.21

22.79

22.5

Nicoletti et al. [74]

    Enna

1995

34

120

37.34

37.22

22.78

22.66

Grimaldi et al. [75]

    Ferrara

2003

423

121

44.53

44.9

15.1

15.47

Granieri et al. [76]

    Genoa

1997

857

85

44.25

44.99

15.01

15.75

Solaro et al. [77]

    L’Aquila city

1984

22

34

42

42.2

17.8

17.78

Salerni et al. [78]

    L’Aquila Province

1996

158

56

42.22

42.13

17.87

17.78

Totaro et al. [79]

    Modena

1990

404

39

44.4

44.73

15.27

15.6

Guidetti et al. [80]

    Monreale

2000

21

71

38.05

38.08

21.92

21.95

Ragonese et al. [81]

    North Western Sardinia

1991

276

103

40.12

40.93

19.07

19.88

Rosati et al. [82]

    Padova

1999

667

81

45.4

45.44

14.56

14.6

Ranzato et al. [83]

    Salerno

2005

186

72

40.67

40.31

19.69

19.33

Iuliano and Napoletano [84]

    Nuoro

1993

394

144

40.19

40.96

19.04

19.81

Casetta et al. [85]

    Sassari

1997

686

144

40.44

41.31

18.69

19.56

Pugliatti et al. [86]

Malta

1999

63

13

35.5

35.39

24.61

24.5

Dean et al. [87]

Northern Ireland

2004

370

200

54.4

57.28

2.72

5.6

Gray et al. [88]

Norway

    Hordaland

2003

666

151

60.15

60.53

0.53

0.15

Grytten et al. [89]

    Møre og Romsdal

1985

159

75

62.3

62.42

2.42

2.3

Midgard et al. [90]

    Nord Trondelag

2000

208

164

64.43

63.53

3.53

4.43

Dahl et al. [91]

    Oslo

2005

759

170

59.56

59.3

0.7

0.44

Smestad et al. [92]

    Troms and Finmark

1993

184

73

69.4

66.8

6.8

9.4

Gronlie et al. [93]

    Vestfold

1983

163

86

59.25

58.8

1.2

0.75

Edland et al. [94]

Portugal

    Santarem

1998

29

46

39.14

43

17

20.86

De Sa et al. [95]

San Marino (Republic of)

2005

50

167

43.56

43.56

16.44

16.44

Granieri et al. [96]

Scotland

    Glasgow

2002

245

145

55.53

58.06

1.94

4.47

Murray et al. [97]

    Lothian and Border

1995

1613

203

55.55

57.93

2.07

4.45

Rothwell and Charlton [98]

    Orkney

1983

37

193

59

61.29

1.29

1

Cook et al. [99]

    Shetland

1986

40

184

60.3

62.18

2.18

0.3

Cook et al. [100]

    Tayside

1996

727

184

55.87

58.41

1.59

4.13

Forbes et al. [101]

Spain

    Alcoy

1988

23

17

38.42

40.92

19.08

21.58

Matias-Guiu et al. [102]

    Bajo Aragon

2003

44

75

41

43.43

16.57

19

Modrego and Pina [103]

    Canary Islands

1998

34

42

28

33.26

26.74

32

Hernandez [104]

    Gijon

1994

22

65

43.32

46.62

13.38

16.68

Uria et al. [105]

    Las Palmas

2002

64

61

28.6

33.83

26.17

31.4

Aladro et al. [106]

    Menorca (Balearic Islands)

1996

46

69

40

41.68

18.32

20

Casquero et al. [107]

    Mostoles

1998

85

43

40.19

43.17

16.83

19.81

Benito-Leon et al. [108]

    Northern Calatayud,

1995

34

58

41.21

43.84

16.16

18.79

Pina et al. [109]

    Osona

1991

42

58

41.7

43.78

16.22

18.3

Bufill et al. [110]

    Santiago de Compostela

2003

71

79

42.53

46.18

13.82

17.47

Ares et al. [111]

    Teruel

1996

46

32

40.21

42.82

17.18

19.79

Modrego Pardo et al. [112]

    Valladolid

1997

54

58

41.39

44.57

15.43

18.61

Tola et al. [113]

Sweden

2008

17485

189

62

60.7

0.7

2

Ahlgren et al. [114]

    Varmland

2002

580

170

59.48

58.69

1.31

0.52

Bostrom et al. [115]

    Vasterbotten

1997

399

154

64.36

61.98

1.98

4.36

Sundstrom et al. [116]

Switzerland

    Berne

1986

1016

110

46.57

47.53

12.47

13.43

Beer and Kesselring [117]

Wales

    South Glamorgan

1985

381

101

51.3

54.08

5.92

8.7

Swingler and Compston [118]

    South-East

2005

620

146

51.3

53.79

6.21

8.7

Hirst et al. [119]

  1. N. Patients: Number of patients; GeoLat: Geographic latitude; GeoMag: Geomagnetic latitude; AMAG60: Angular distance to geomagnetic 60 latitude; AGRAPH60: Angular distance to geographic 60 latitude.
  2. † Studies that did not use a determined MS diagnostic criteria.
  3. ‡ It was the latest report of MS prevalence in New Zealand (the entire country) that we found in the PubMed. But we found that their study result of prevalence in each region of that country was published previously by MS society of New Zealand [46]. We entered the latter study [46] results in our analyses.