The frequency modulated auditory evoked response (FMAER), a technical advance for study of childhood language disorders: cortical source localization and selected case studies

Table 1 Patients with LKS and/or ESES - earliest available study

Case No.	FMAER*	ESES	Generalized discharges	Focal discharges	Source in STG
					Left	Right
1	abnml B	50%	Yes	Yes: T7, T8, P7, P8	yes	yes
2	abnml B	90%	Yes	Yes: T7, T8	yes	yes
3	abnml B	0%	Yes	Yes: P7, P8	yes	yes
4	abnml B	0%	No	Yes:● T7, P7, T8, P8	yes	yes
5	abnml B	40%	No	Yes: CP5, C3	yes	n/d
6	abnml B	0%	Yes	Yes:● CP5, C3	yes	n/d
7	abnml B	60%	Yes	Yes: P7, O1, P8	yes	yes
8	abnml B	43%	Yes	Yes: CP5, C3, P3, P4	yes	yes
9	abnml B	80%	Yes	Yes: P7, P8	yes	yes
10	abnml L	98%	Yes	Yes: P7, O1, P8, O2	yes	no
11	abnml L	90%	Yes	Yes: T7, T8	yes	no
12	abnml B	89%	Yes	Yes: CP5, P7 P8	yes	yes
13	abnml B	35%	No	Yes: CP5, C3, P3	yes	n/d
14	normal	90%	Yes	Yes: P4, P8	no	no
15**	normal	75%	Yes	Yes:● CP5, FC5, T7, F7	(no)	n/d
16	normal	0%	Yes	Yes: FC5, C3	((no))	n/d
17	normal	59%	Yes	Yes: O2, O1, FC2, C4	no	no
18	normal	58%	Yes	Yes: CZ, PZ, C4, P4	no	no

Legends:
* = “abnml” indicates abnormal (absent or severely distorted) FMAER; B = bilaterally; L = left side only (right side only cases not found).
** = Case 15 FMAER became abnormal 1 month after initial study (see Figures 13 and 14).
● = FMAER stimulation reported to mildly activate left temporal discharges.
ESES = Percent of seconds of Stage 2 sleep containing discharges. Not all reach typical ‘80% definition’ for ESES but value shown reported as ‘clinically significant’.
Source in STG = Primary source for source analysis of focal discharges found in superior temporal gyrus and/or Wernicke’s area - ‘yes’ or ‘no’.
‘n/d’ = Not done, insufficient discharges present for source analysis.
(no) = primary source found in mid-inferior left temporal region but a prominent secondary source noted in left superior temporal gyrus.
((no)) = Source analysis of FC5 spikes shows primary source in frontal lobe near Broca’s area, distant from the posterior temporal region.

ISSN: 1471-2377