Skip to main content

Table 1 Sample characteristics and bivariate associations with FES(S) scores

From: Factors associated with fear of falling in people with Parkinson’s disease

 

Total sample (n = 104)

Spearman correlations with FES(S) scores

P-value

Age (years), mean (SD)

68 (9.4)

−0.270

0.006

PD-duration (years), mean (SD)

5 (4.2)

−0.350

&0.001

Cognition (MMSE), median (q1-q3)

28 (26–29)

0.220

0.027

Motor symptoms (UPDRS III), median (q1-q3)

13 (8–20)

−0.510

&0.001

Balance (BBS), median (q1-q3)

52.5 (46–55)

0.650

&0.001

Gait speed (10MWT) (m/s), median (q1-q3)

1.18 (0.95–1.35)

0.480

&0.001

Walking difficulties (Walk-12G), median (q1-q3)

8 (4.5–21)

−0.760

&0.001

Fatigue (FACIT-F), median (q1-q3)

38 (29–44)

0.710

&0.001

 

n (%) a

Median (q1-q3) FES(S) scores a

P-value Mann Whitney U-test

 

No

Yes

No

Yes

 

Freezing of gait (item 3, FOGQsa)b

60 (58)

44 (42)

128 (112–130)

87 (44–117)

&0.001

Turning hesitations (item 6, FOGQsa)c

68 (65)

36 (35)

126 (105–130)

81 (39–113)

&0.001

Dyskinesias (item 32, UPDRS IV)d

66 (63)

38 (37)

124 (95–129)

101 (48–125)

0.009

Need help from others in daily activities (PADLS)e

93 (90)

11 (10)

122 (94–129)

33 (18–50)

&0.001

Experienced falls

76 (73)

28 (27)

124 (96–130)

89 (41–114)

&0.001

Experienced near falls

64 (62)

39 (38)

127 (106–130)

91 (43–116)

&0.001

Experienced balance problems while dual-tasking

52 (50)

52 (50)

128 (111–130)

94 (51–118)

&0.001

Pain

78 (75)

26 (25)

123 (94–130)

91 (43–124)

0.005

Retropulsion (NRT)f

78 (75)

26 (25)

124 (83–130)

104 (59–120)

0.011

Female gender

55 (53)

49 (47)

118 (87–129)

113 (61–129)

0.258

  1. aRefers to the dichotomous (No/Yes) variables, and n (%) clarifies the number (percentage) of participants that either have or do not have the specified characteristic.
  2. bItem 3 (“freezing”) of the FOGQsa. Those scoring ≥1 were categorized as freezers.
  3. cItem 6 (“turning hesitations”) of the FOGQsa. Those scoring ≥1 were categorized as having turning hesitations.
  4. dItem 32 of the UPDRS part IV. Those scoring ≥1 were categorized as having dyskinesias.
  5. eThose scoring >2 on the PADLS were categorized as needing help from others in daily activities.
  6. fScores ≥1 on the NRT were categorized as having retropulsion.
  7. BBS, Berg Balance Scale (possible scores, 0–56; higher = better); FACIT-F, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy - Fatigue scale (possible score, 0–52; higher = better); FES(S), Falls Efficacy Scale, Swedish version (possible scores, 0–130; higher = better); FOGQsa, Freezing of Gait Questionnaire, self-administered version; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination (possible scores, 0–30; higher = better); NRT, Nutt Retropulsion Test (possible scores, 0–3; higher = worse); PADLS, the Parkinson’s disease Activities of Daily Living Scale (possible scores 1–5; higher = worse); PD, Parkinson’s disease; q1-q3, 1st-3rd quartile; SD, standard deviation; UPDRS III, part III (motor score) of the Unified PD Rating Scale (possible scores, 0–108; higher = worse); UPDRS part IV (complications of therapy), item 32 (possible scores 0–4; higher = worse); 10MWT, 10-meter walking test; m/s, meters per second; Walk-12G, 12-item generic walking scale (possible scores, 0–42; higher = worse).
  8. One participant had a missing value for the MMSE, and another participant had a missing value in relation to near falls.
Back to article page

BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

Contact us