Table 2 Effect of fasting on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of immunosuppressants and manufacturer recommendations for their consumption
Drug | Circadian variations in pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics | Manufacturer recommendations |
|---|---|---|
Azathioprine | Â | Take after meals or in divided doses for reducing the risk of stomach upset. |
Cyclophosphamide | Â | On an empty stomach with a glass of water or juice or with food. |
Tablets are not scored and should not be cut or crushed. Do not take tablets at bedtime to minimize the risk of bladder irritation. | ||
Methotrexate | Peak serum levels of methotrexate may be decreased if taken with food. Milk-rich foods may decrease methotrexate absorption. | On empty stomach with plenty of water. |
Limit or avoid caffeine intake. Avoid drinks (e.g., coffee, tea, cola), foods (e.g., chocolate) or diet pills that contain caffeine. |