Table 4 Associations of childhood and adulthood direct pesticide application with PD as divided into chemical classes.
From: Pesticide exposure and risk of Parkinson's disease: A family-based case-control study
% Exposed* | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functional type | History of pesticide use for each chemical class | Cases, n = 319 | Controls, n = 296 | OR and 95% CI (GEE model 2)** | |
Insecticide | Botanical | ||||
Ever | 2.2 | 0.3 | 5.93 | 0.63–56.10 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 60.5 | 49.3 | 1.57 | 1.10–2.24 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |
N-Methyl carbamate | |||||
Ever | 11.9 | 10.8 | 1.31 | 0.75–2.28 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 50.8 | 38.9 | 1.70 | 1.17–2.47 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |
Organochlorine | |||||
Ever | 13.2 | 7.1 | 1.99 | 1.09–3.64 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 49.5 | 42.6 | 1.54 | 1.07–2.23 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |
Organophosphorus | |||||
Ever | 16.6 | 10.1 | 1.89 | 1.11–3.25 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 46.1 | 39.5 | 1.53 | 1.05–2.23 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |
Herbicide | Chlorophenoxy acid/ester | ||||
Ever | 4.7 | 2.7 | 2.07 | 0.69–6.23 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 58.0 | 47.0 | 1.58 | 1.11–2.27 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |
Phosphonoglycine | |||||
Ever | 17.9 | 13.5 | 1.53 | 0.92–2.53 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 44.8 | 36.1 | 1.64 | 1.12–2.40 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |
Triazine | |||||
Ever | 1.6 | 2.4 | 1.08 | 0.32–3.59 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 61.1 | 47.3 | 1.63 | 1.14–2.33 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |
Multiple uses | Inorganic/metal | ||||
Ever | 5.0 | 3.0 | 1.51 | 0.62–3.71 | |
Ever to any other pesticide | 57.7 | 46.6 | 1.61 | 1.13–2.31 | |
Never | 37.3 | 50.3 | 1.00 | Referent | |