Table 1 Characteristics of stroke patients by preadmission use of calcium channel blockers or beta blockers a
Ischemic stroke (n = 83736) | Intracerebral hemorrhage (n = 11779) | Subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 4528) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Calcium channel blocker | Beta blocker | Calcium channel blocker | Beta blocker | Calcium channel blocker | Beta blocker | |||||||
Current use n = 13170 (100%) | Non-use n = 67571 (100%) | Current use n = 17189 (100%) | Non-use n = 63402 (100%) | Current use n = 1163 (100%) | Non-use n = 10277 (100%) | Current use n = 1913 (100%) | Non-use n = 9494 (100%) | Current use n = 365 (100%) | Non-use n = 4051 (100%) | Current use n = 413 (100%) | Non-use n = 4023 (100%) | |
Male | 47.7 | 52.2 | 46.7 | 52.7 | 51.8 | 51.8 | 51.4 | 51.7 | 44.7 | 42.1 | 46.2 | 42.1 |
Age, years | ||||||||||||
<60 | 9.7 | 20.7 | 9.2 | 21.6 | 12.5 | 26.0 | 11.5 | 27.3 | 24.1 | 57.1 | 24.2 | 57.5 |
60-69 | 19.7 | 21.9 | 19.5 | 22.1 | 21.0 | 20.9 | 20.0 | 21.0 | 23.8 | 20.9 | 26.6 | 20.6 |
70-79 | 30.8 | 26.2 | 30.7 | 25.9 | 31.8 | 25.2 | 33.3 | 24.0 | 25.5 | 12.6 | 24.2 | 12.4 |
≥80 | 39.8 | 31.2 | 40.5 | 30.5 | 34.7 | 27.9 | 35.2 | 27.7 | 26.6 | 9.4 | 24.9 | 9.4 |
Comorbidities | ||||||||||||
Cardiovascular diseases | ||||||||||||
Congestive heart failure | 10.3 | 7.9 | 18.6 | 5.3 | 9.8 | 5.6 | 16.6 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 2.8 | 15.7 | 1.6 |
Myocardial infarction | 11.5 | 8.2 | 21.6 | 4.8 | 11.6 | 5.3 | 17.8 | 3.3 | 7.1 | 2.7 | 18.2 | 1.4 |
Angina pectoris | 24.7 | 13.4 | 33.1 | 10.0 | 25.1 | 10.1 | 30.4 | 7.5 | 21.1 | 5.7 | 32.4 | 4.1 |
Atrial fibrillation or flutter | 19.5 | 12.1 | 30.3 | 8.5 | 23.6 | 11.8 | 38.2 | 7.5 | 15.1 | 4.3 | 24.7 | 2.9 |
Heart valve disease | 6.4 | 4.0 | 8.6 | 3.2 | 6.7 | 3.7 | 11.0 | 2.6 | 4.7 | 1.6 | 6.8 | 1.3 |
Intermittent claudication | 5.1 | 2.6 | 4.9 | 2.5 | 4.0 | 1.5 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 2.7 | 1.0 |
Venous thromboembolism | 4.0 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 4.7 | 3.2 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 1.8 |
Hypertension | 50.5 | 19.3 | 47.4 | 18.4 | 55.3 | 18.8 | 52.1 | 16.7 | 47.9 | 10.5 | 46.0 | 10.3 |
Other diseases | ||||||||||||
Obesity | 5.3 | 3.6 | 5.4 | 3.5 | 7.4 | 2.7 | 6.2 | 2.5 | 5.2 | 2.9 | 5.8 | 2.7 |
Diabetes mellitus | 20.0 | 11.7 | 19.4 | 11.5 | 19.1 | 8.2 | 18.3 | 7.5 | 14.2 | 4.8 | 13.3 | 4.6 |
Chronic kidney disease | 4.8 | 2.1 | 5.0 | 1.8 | 8.5 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 1.8 | 6.0 | 1.0 | 5.8 | 1.1 |
Chronic pulmonary disease | 24.4 | 19.9 | 21.5 | 20.5 | 23.7 | 18.3 | 20.6 | 18.5 | 28.8 | 16.8 | 24.2 | 17.3 |
Alcoholism-related disease | 4.9 | 6.8 | 5.2 | 6.8 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 6.2 | 8.4 | 5.5 | 7.6 | 10.4 | 7.1 |
Dementia | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 2.2 | 1.2 | 2.2 | 1.3 |
Cancer | 16.2 | 14.0 | 16.2 | 13.9 | 18.7 | 15.3 | 18.6 | 15.0 | 16.4 | 8.0 | 18.2 | 7.8 |
Concurrent medications | ||||||||||||
Cardiovascular drugs | ||||||||||||
ACE-Is/ARBs | 45.8 | 21.9 | 44.9 | 20.6 | 43.5 | 17.3 | 44.4 | 15.2 | 41.1 | 12.0 | 45.3 | 11.4 |
Beta blockers | 31.8 | 18.0 | - | - | 28.4 | 14.7 | - | - | 23.6 | 7.5 | - | - |
Calcium channel blockers | - | - | 24.4 | 13.3 | - | - | 17.3 | 8.3 | - | - | 20.8 | 6.6 |
Diuretics | 44.4 | 24.2 | 48.8 | 21.8 | 40.3 | 19.0 | 43.7 | 16.5 | 32.6 | 11.0 | 39.5 | 9.9 |
Nitrates | 4.3 | 1.4 | 5.2 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 1.0 | 3.9 | 0.6 | 2.5 | 0.4 | 3.9 | 0.1 |
Statins | 28.1 | 13.7 | 31.9 | 11.7 | 30.8 | 11.9 | 31.4 | 10.3 | 25.8 | 8.5 | 33.9 | 7.5 |
Aspirin | 38.9 | 21.1 | 45.8 | 18.2 | 37.7 | 18.9 | 42.1 | 16.5 | 29.6 | 8.2 | 35.1 | 7.2 |
Clopidogrel | 3.1 | 1.6 | 4.7 | 1.1 | 3.1 | 1.3 | 4.6 | 0.9 | 1.9 | 0.9 | 4.8 | 0.5 |
Vitamin K antagonists | 7.7 | 4.1 | 10.9 | 2.9 | 19.1 | 8.9 | 29.0 | 5.9 | 8.5 | 2.9 | 16.2 | 1.9 |
Other drugs | ||||||||||||
Systemic glucocorticoids | 5.8 | 4.6 | 5.2 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 3.8 | 5.2 | 3.7 | 6.3 | 2.4 | 3.9 | 2.6 |
SSRIs | 10.6 | 8.7 | 10.1 | 8.7 | 11.2 | 9.5 | 12.7 | 9.2 | 9.3 | 6.9 | 11.9 | 6.5 |
Bisphosphonates | 4.0 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 3.6 | 5.2 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 2.2 |
NSAIDs | 12.1 | 10.7 | 11.2 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 10.2 | 9.4 | 10.6 | 15.1 | 10.4 | 11.4 | 10.8 |