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Table 2 Cognitive composites (z-scaled on study HCs) and GDT performance

From: Decision-making under explicit risk is impaired in multiple sclerosis: relationships with ventricular width and disease disability

Neuropsychological domain/test

HCs (n = 20)

All MS patients (n = 32)

Test

RR-1 (n = 13)

RR-2 (n = 9)

SP (n = 10)

Test

Processing speed composite score

0.00 (0.76)

−0.81 (0.81)

t = 3.58

−0.45 (0.60)

−1.04* (0.61)

−1.07* (1.07)

F = 6.13

p = 0.001

p = 0.001

Memory composite score

0.00 (0.93)

−1.54 (1.16)

t = 5.02

−1.19* (1.23)

−1.57* (1.36)

−1.97* (0.76)

F = 9.59

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

Executive functions composite score

0.00 (0.59)

−0.63 (0.69)

t = 3.41

−0.53 (0.85)

−0.85* (0.71)

−0.58 (0.39)

F = 4.30

p = 0.001

p = 0.009

Global cognitive functions composite score

0.00 (0.63)

−0.93 (0.63)

t = 5.12

−0.61* (0.65)

−1.11* (0.71)

−1.18* (0.35)

F = 10.54

p < 0.001

p < 0.001

GDT – net-score (raw score)

12.5 (7.6)

6.8 (10.9)

t = 2.1

13.69 (5.82)

0.22* (11.77)

3.80* (10.73)

F = 4.87

p = 0.046

p = 0.01

GDT – strategy shifts (raw score; medians/ranges)

1 (0–10)

3.5 (0–12)

U = 1.6

2 (0–8)

4 (0–10)

5.5* (1–12)

χ2 = 41.0

p = 0.069

p = 0.009

  1. Abbreviations:HCs: Healthy controls; GDT Game-of-Dice Task; RR-1 Relapsing-remitting MS-patients with EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale) scores 0–2.5; RR-2 Relapsing-remitting MS-patients with EDSS scores ≥ 3; SP Secondary progressive MS-patients.
  2. *Significant difference to healthy controls (post-hoc Dunnett t-test or Bonferroni-corrected U-test).
  3. Data are means (standard deviations) or medians (ranges).