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Table 6 Cohort analysis determining the association of cholinesterase inhibitor drug exposure and pacemaker insertion

From: The influence of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy for dementia on risk of cardiac pacemaker insertion: a retrospective, population-based, health administrative databases study in Ontario, Canada

Medication

Ever exposed

Pacemaker inserted while exposed N (%)

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Incident and prevalent users

Incident users only

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

HR

95% CI

Had a code for dementia

607,540

10,489 (1.7)

0.74

(0.72, 0.75)

0.83

(0.81, 0.85)

0.84

(0.82, 0.85)

Cholinesterase inhibitor

197,021

1530 (0.8)

0.58

(0.55, 0.61)

0.76

(0.72, 0.80)

0.75

(0.71, 0.79)

Ace-inhibitor/Angiotensin receptor blocker

1,239,438

19533 (1.6)

1.25

(1.23, 1.27)

1.22

(1.20, 1.24)

1.24

(1.22, 1.26)

Insulin/oral hypoglycemic agent

420,699

6415 (1.5)

1.04

(1.01, 1.07)

0.93

(0.91, 0.96)

0.93

(0.91, 0.95)

Proton pump inhibitors/H2-receptor blocker

1,313,173

8051 (0.6)

1.02

(1.00, 1.04)

1.12

(1.09, 1.14)

1.15

(1.12, 1.17)

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

522,474

2591 (0.5)

0.71

(0.68, 0.74)

0.82

(0.79, 0.85)

0.82

(0.79, 0.86)

Statin

904,123

12745 (1.4)

1.22

(1.20, 1.25)

1.18

(1.16, 1.20)

1.20

(1.18, 1.23)

Thiazide diuretic

697,510

4138 (0.6)

0.79

(0.77, 0.81)

0.94

(0.91, 0.96)

0.95

(0.93, 0.98)

Thyroxine

338,998

4351 (1.3)

0.92

(0.90, 0.95)

0.91

(0.88, 0.94)

0.92

(0.89, 0.95)

Vaughan-Williams drug class

        

Ia

12,494

272 (2.2)

2.89

(2.58, 3.25)

2.25

(2.03, 2.48)

2.29

(2.07, 2.54)

Ib

2,046

41 (2.0)

2.71

(1.99, 3.68)

1.70

(1.30, 2.23)

1.74

(1.32, 2.30)

Ic

23,917

907 (3.8)

4.85

(4.56, 5.17)

4.11

(3.89, 4.35)

4.17

(3.93, 4.41)

II (beta-blockers)

834,007

15765 (1.9)

1.87

(1.84, 1.90)

2.13

(2.09, 2.16)

2.14

(2.11, 2.18)

III

87,435

3614 (4.1)

7.19

(6.96, 7.42)

8.32

(8.10, 8.54)

8.33

(8.11, 8.55)

IV (calcium channel blockers)

387,964

6291 (1.6)

1.46

(1.42, 1.50)

1.53

(1.50, 1.57)

1.53

(1.49, 1.57)

V (digoxin)

332,370

7962 (2.4)

2.50

(2.45, 2.56)

2.45

(2.39, 2.50)

2.44

(2.39, 2.50)

Other Factors

        

Age

-

-

1.00

(1.00, 1.01)

1.01

(1.01, 1.01)

1.00

(1.00, 1.01)

Male

-

-

2.03

(2.00, 2.05)

1.96

(1.93, 1.98)

1.96

(1.94, 1.99)

  1. HR = Hazard ratio, CI = Confidence interval.
  2. This analysis was conducted with unadjusted and adjusted proportional hazards regression models in which drug exposures were expressed using time-dependent covariates. The incident user analysis excluded exposures in patients who were already taking the medication at study entry.