Table 1 Characteristics of included cohort studies
From: Evidence of perceived psychosocial stress as a risk factor for stroke in adults: a meta-analysis
Author YearCountry | Quality rating | Cohort size (n)Baseline age range (y) | % Male | Stroke cases (n)Follow-up years (y) | Stress exposure and measure | Stroke outcomes | Baseline stroke excluded | Number of confounders controlled for in adjusted model |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Risk estimates Hazard Ratio (95Â % CI) | ||||||||
Harmsen, 2006 [33] Sweden | 8 | 7457 | 100 | 1019 | Self-perceived stress General stress | Fatal and non-fatal stroke | Yes | 11 |
47–55 |  | 28.0 | Single question | 1.25(1.03-1.52) | ||||
Henderson, 2013 [31] USA | 8 | 2326 | 38 | 414 | Perceived stress General stress | Fatal and non-fatal stroke | Yes | 10 |
> = 65 |  | 6.0 | 6 item perceived stress scale [41] | 1.08(0.97-1.20) | ||||
Iso, 2002 [3] Japan, males | 8 | 30,180 | 100 | 341 | Perceived mental stress General stress | Fatal stroke | Yes | 9 |
40–79 |  | 7.9 | Single question | 1.12(0.78-1.61) | ||||
Iso, 2002 [3] Japan, females | 8 | 43,244 | 0 | 316 | Perceived mental stress General stress | Fatal stroke | Yes | 9 |
40–79 |  | 7.9 | Single question | 2.24(1.52-3.30) | ||||
Kornerup, 2010 [30] Denmark | 8 | 9542 | 43 | 350 | > 4 major life events in a life course | Fatal and non-fatal ischaemic stroke | Yes | 11 |
Mean M |  | 6–9 | SLE |  | ||||
56.6 (SD 15.5) F-59.1 (SD 15.4) |  |  | 11 item self-report questionnaire | 1.32(0.77–2.26) | ||||
McLeod, 2001 [26] Scotland | 7 | 5388 | 100 | 122 | Perceived stress General stress | Fatal stroke | No | 9 |
35–64 |  | 21.0 | 4 item Reeder stress inventory [42] | 0.98(0.55-1.75) | ||||
Molshatzki, 2013 [2] Israel | 7 | 10,059 | 100 | 665 | Perceived hardships General stress | Fatal stroke | No | 7 |
> = 40 |  | 28.1 | 14 questions on work, family, finance | 1.33(1.07-1.65) | ||||
Ohlin, 2004 [28] Sweden | 8 | 13,280 | 80 | 643 | Permanent stress General stress | Fatal and non-fatal stroke | Yes | 9 |
Mean 45 | Â | 21.3 | 2 questions | 1.29(1.04-1.60) | ||||
Suadicani, 2011 [27] Denmark | 7 | 4943 | 100 | 779 | Perceived psychological work pressure | Fatal and non-fatal stroke (excl SAH) | No | 8 |
40–59 |  | 30.0 | Leisure stress | 1.17(0.98-1.40) | ||||
3 questions | ||||||||
Truelsen, 2003Â [14] Denmark | 8 | 12,574 | 45 | 929 | Self-reported stress General stress | Fatal and non-fatal stroke | Yes | 11 |
20–98 |  | 14–16 | 2 questions | 1.13(0.85-1.50) | ||||
Tsutsumi, 2009 [25] Japan Males | 8 | 3190 | 100 | 91 | Occupational stress | Fatal & Non-fatal stroke | Yes | 10 |
18–65 |  | 11.0 | 11 item demand-control questionnaire | 2.53(1.08-5.93) | ||||
Tsutsumi, 2009Â [25] females | 8 | 3363 | 0 | 56 | Occupational stress | Fatal & Non-fatal stroke | Yes | 10 |
18–65 |  | 11.0 | 11 item demand-control questionnaire | 1.46(0.63-3.38) |