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Table 3 Included studies interventions

From: Behavioural interventions for people living with adult-onset primary dystonia: a systematic review

Citation and conditiona

Intervention and control

Length of each treatment session (mins)

Frequency

Duration

Bell and Thompson [18] Golfing Yips

Intervention: SFGI protocol

Control: None

20–30

2x weekly

Unclear duration noted as a number of rounds of golf with follow-up

Bell et al. [21] Golfing Yips

Intervention: SFGI protocol

Control: None

20

2x weekly

Unclear duration noted as a number of rounds of golf with follow-up

Bell et al. [22] Golfing Yips

Intervention: SFGI protocol

Control:

None

15

2x weekly (unclear)

Unclear duration noted as a number of rounds of golf with follow-up

Boyce et al. [23] Cervical dystonia (neck dystonia)

Intervention: Exercise plus relaxation Control: Relaxation only

30 (approx.)

4x weekly for the first 4 weeks and then 8x ‘fortnightly for the following eight weeks’

8 sessions over 12 weeks

Cottraux et al. [25] Writer’s cramp (hand dystonia)

Intervention: Multimodal behaviour therapy package with or without EMG feedback

Control: None

20 (EMG feedback)

2x daily (without EMG feedback),

Unspecified for EMG feedback

Average total = 14.7 sessions (time period unspecified)

Faircloth and Reid [24] Cervical dystonia (neck dystonia)

Intervention: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approach adapting negative thoughts and beliefs into more productive thinking styles

Control: None

Unspecified

Unspecified

‘9 sessions lasting 10.5 h’

Greenberg [26] Writer’s cramp (hand dystonia)

Intervention: Habit reversal with awareness training, re-education and in vivo exposure. (included encouragement from family to practice)

Control: None

Unclear (for one participant 1 h is reported)

Unspecified

Average total = 4 sessions over 5.5 h

Sharpe [28] Blepharospasm (eye dystonia)

Intervention: ‘Flexible behavioural therapy approach

Control: None

60

Unspecified

Approx. 17 h over 14 weeks (1 week included in-patient treatment)

Wieck et al. [27] Writer’s cramp (hand dystonia)

Intervention: Habit reversal (plus homework practice)

Control: Relaxation

90

5x monthly

1 month

  1. EMG electromyography, SFGI solution focused guided imagery
  2. a The identified studies examined different forms of the MDS idiopathic adult onset focal dystonia category