Valsalva maneuver unveils central baroreflex dysfunction with altered blood pressure control in persons with a history of mild traumatic brain injury

Table 2 Bio-signals and autonomic parameters during Valsalva maneuver in 25 post-mTBI-patients and 29 healthy controls

Parameters	Healthy controls	Post-mTBI-patients	Controls vs. patients
RRI phase II late [ms]	643.5 ± 115.4	633.40 ± 85.0	P = 0.86
RRI phase III [ms]	628.0 ± 108.5	613.3 ± 78.3	P = 0.58
RRI phase IV [ms]	1148.0 ± 160.8	1106.24 ± 208.4	P = 0.41
Valsalva-ratio	1.9 ± 0.4	1.8 ± 0.4	P = 0.46
Valsalva-ratio-time [s]	13.9 ± 3.8	13.7 ± 3.7	P = 0.83
BPsys phase I [mmHg]	166.6 ± 20.6	161.2 ± 13.7	P = 0.27
BPsys phase II early [mmHg]	110.0 ± 19.5	105.7 ± 19.8	P = 0.44
BPsys phase II late [mmHg]	141.0 ± 23.8	134.0 ± 24.2	P = 0.29
BPsys phase III [mmHg]	107.5 ± 17.5	101.1 ± 20.9	P = 0.25
BPsys phase IV [mmHg]	177.7 ± 26.6	177.4 ± 21.7	P = 0.76
BPdia phase I [mmHg]	88.8 ± 14.3	86.3 ± 11.2	P = 0.49
BPdia phase II early [mmHg]	66.8 ± 10.7	67.2 ± 12.44	P = 0.90
BPdia phase II late [mmHg]	89.8 ± 13.9	87.0 ± 15.7	P = 0.31
BPdia phase III [mmHg]	64.4 ± 9.3	63.9 ± 11.3	P = 0.88
BPdia phase IV [mmHg]	85.8 ± 10.5	86.4 ± 10.4	P = 0.84
90 %-BP-normalization-time [s]	12.6 ± 4.9	16.9 ± 7.1	*P = 0.01*
90 %-BP-normalization-velocity [mmHg/s]	3.8 ± 1.5	3.2 ± 1.5	*P = 0.04*

Mean values ± standard deviation of maximum or minimum values of RR-intervals, systolic and diastolic blood pressure during the different phases of the Valsalva maneuver, as well as the Valsalva-ratios, Valsalva-ratio-times, 90 %-blood-pressure-normalization-times and 90 %-blood-pressure-normalization-velocities, in 25 patients with a history of mild TBI and 29 healthy controls. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between patients with a history of mTBI (post-mTBI-patients) and healthy participants are in italic and bold
mTBI mild traumatic brain injury, RRI RR-interval, BPsys systolic blood pressure, BPdia diastolic blood pressure, BP blood pressure