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Table 1 Summary of biomarker and neuroimaging findings in autopsy confirmed DLB, FTD and CTE cases

From: Applied multimodal diagnostics in a case of presenile dementia

 

Population

CSF biomarker/Ligand

Major findings

CSF

 Clark et al.(15]

60 AD, 10 FTD, 3 DLB

total Tau, Aβ42

higher total tau in AD compared to FTD and DLB

Aβ42 reduced in AD compared to FTD but not compared to DLB

 Slaets et al. [16]

30 AD,

13 DLB with SP, 5 DLB without SP

30 AD,

9 DLB with NFT, 9 DLB without NFT

P-Tau, total Tau, Aβ42

Aβ42 reduced in AD and DLB with SP compared to DLB without SP

no difference in Aβ42 levels of AD and DLB with SP patients

P-Tau, total Tau, Aβ42

P-Tau higher in AD compared to DLB with and without NFT

no difference in P-Tau levels of DLB with and without NFT

no difference of total Tau between the DLB subgroups and AD

 Koopmann et al. [17]

95 AD, 18 DLB, 10 FTD

P-Tau, total Tau, Aβ42

P-Tau cut-off for differentiating AD from FTD 35.3 pg/ml, from DLB 52.8 pg/ml

total Tau level: AD > DLB > FTD

Aβ42 level: AD < DLB = FTD

 Bian et al. [18]

AD 19, FTD 30

total Tau, Aβ42

total Tau and tau/Aβ42 ratio lower in FTD than in AD

 Toledo et al. [19]

71 AD, 29 FTD

P-Tau, total Tau, Aβ42

high sensitivity and specificity of combined CSF biomarkers in classifying AD against FTD

P-Tau and total Tau higher in AD compared to FTD

Aβ42 lower in AD compared to FTD

MRI

 Vemuri et al. [20]

48 AD, 47 FTD, 20 DLB

 

atrophy pattern in AD: temporoparietal association cortices and medial temporal lobe

FTD: frontal and temporal lobes

DLB: bilateral amygdalae, dorsal midbrain, inferior temporal lobe

 Rabinovici et al. [21]

11 AD, 18 FTD

 

atrophy in AD: posterior temporoparietal and occipital atrophy

atrophy in FTD: medial prefrontal and medial temporal cortex, insula, hippocampus, amygdala

 Burton et al. [22]

11 AD, 23 DLB

 

pronounced medial temporal lobe atrophy in AD compared to DLB patients

 Kantarci et al. [23]

2 AD, 3DLB

 

more pronounced hippocampal atrophy in AD compared to DLB

 McKee et al. [24]

1 CTE

 

generalized cortical atrophy, enlargement of ventricles, cavum septum pellucidum

 FDG-PET

 Minoshima et al. [25]

10 AD, 4 DLB

 

AD and DLB: hypometabolism in posterior cingulate, parietotemporal and frontal association cortices

additional occipital hypometabolism in DLB

 Albin et al. [26]

3 AD-DLB, 3 DLB

 

compared to AD additional hypometabolism in occipital association and primary visual cortex

 Kantarci et al. [23]

2 AD, 3 DLB

 

low occipital FDG-uptake in 1 AD patient and all DLB patients

 Foster et al. [27]

31 AD, 14 FTD

 

AD: temporoparietal and posterior cingulate hypometablism

FTD: frontal, anterior cingulate and anterior temporal hypometabolism

 Amyloid-PET

 Kantarci et al. [23]

2 AD, 3 DLB

PiB

high global cortical PiB retention in one AD patient, low global cortical PiB in the other

2 DLB patients with borderline PiB retention, 1 DLB patient with high PiB retention

 Bacskai et al. [28]

1 DLB

PiB

tracer uptake in posterior cingulate, precuneus, posterior parietal,

middle and inferior temporal, insular, lateral and orbital frontal cortices

 Rabinovici et al. [29]

3 AD, 7 FTD

PiB

higher PiB retention in AD compared to FTD

better classification accuracy of PiB-PET compared to FDG-PET

Tau-PET

 Ghetti et al. [30]

1 FTD

T807

elevated tracer uptake in anterior, temporal and parietal cortex as well as basal ganglia

  1. CSF cerebrospinal fluid, AD Alzheimer’s disease, FTD frontotemporal dementia, DLB dementia with lewy bodies, CTE chronic traumatic encephalopathy, SP senile plaque, NFT neurofibrillary tangles, MRI magnetic resonance imaging, PET positron emission tomography, FDG fluorodeoxyglucose