Table 2 Standing posture (body position, body movements and muscle activity) in typically developing (TD) children and in children with bilateral CP standing with (SwS) or without (SwoS) support, during three standing tasks: no-task (NT), blindfolded-task (BT), and attention-task (AT). EMG muscle activity in the rectus femoris (RF), tibialis anterior (TA), medial gastrocnemius (MG), and soleus normalized to the NT condition. Paired t-tests were used to examine the influence of vision (BT and AT) with respect to the NT condition. Significant differences are bolded (p < 0.05)
From: The role of visual stimuli on standing posture in children with bilateral cerebral palsy
TD | SwoS | SwS | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NT (n = 27) | BT (n = 27) | AT (n = 27) | NT-BT p | NT-AT p | NT (n = 19) | BT (n = 18) | AT (n = 19) | NT-BT p | NT-AT p | NT (n = 17) | BT (n = 17) | AT (n = 16) | NT-BT p | NT-AT p | |
Body position angles degrees, mean (SD) | |||||||||||||||
Head | −4a (7) | −7a (5) | −6a (5) | 0.028 | 0.114 | −2a (15) | −2a (12) | −5a (9) | 0.619 | 0.216 | 1 (12) | −5a (13) | −6a (9) | 0.119 | 0.015 |
Trunk | −5b (5) | −5b (5) | −5b (5) | 0.787 | 0.831 | 3 (7) | 3 (7) | 2 (8) | 0.463 | 0.098 | 19 (8) | 20 (10) | 19 (9) | 0.537 | 0.858 |
Pelvis | 14 (5) | 14 (5) | 14 (5) | 0.644 | 0.552 | 17 (6) | 17 (6) | 15 (7) | 0.085 | 0.327 | 10 (12) | 9 (12) | 9 (14) | 0.777 | 0.590 |
Hip | 7 (6) | 6 (6) | 6 (6) | 0.161 | 0.070 | 18 (11) | 18 (12) | 17 (11) | 0.734 | 0.277 | 24 (14) | 28 (15) | 25 (15) | 0.014 | 0.906 |
Knee | −4c (6) | −5c (6) | −6c (7) | 0.505 | 0.142 | 13 (22) | 12 (23) | 12 (23) | 0.646 | 0.576 | 43 (20) | 47 (22) | 45 (21) | 0.016 | 0.928 |
Ankle | 4 (4) | 4 (4) | 3 (4) | 0.924 | 0.334 | 8 (10) | 8 (11) | 8 (11) | 0.285 | 0.837 | 11 (16) | 10 (20) | 10 (17) | 0.928 | 0.843 |
Body movements ranges degrees, mean (SD) | |||||||||||||||
Head | 12 (10) | 8 (6) | 8 (5) | 0.056 | 0.053 | 25 (20) | 16 (12) | 16 (9) | 0.037 | 0.038 | 47 (32) | 35 (26) | 29 (25) | 0.106 | 0.012 |
Trunk | 5 (3) | 4 (2) | 4 (3) | 0.064 | 0.160 | 9 (6) | 6 (2) | 7 (4) | 0.064 | 0.281 | 12 (6) | 14 (10) | 14 (7) | 0.377 | 0.215 |
Pelvis | 3 (2) | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 0.071 | 0.457 | 4 (2) | 4 (1) | 4 (2) | 0.245 | 0.753 | 6 (3) | 6 (3) | 7 (3) | 0.731 | 0.234 |
Hip | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 3 (3) | 0.173 | 0.284 | 7 (4) | 6 (4) | 6 (4) | 0.210 | 0.181 | 9 (6) | 10 (6) | 9 (5) | 0.761 | 0.817 |
Knee | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 2 (2) | 0.824 | 0.823 | 8 (5) | 7 (6) | 6 (3) | 0.496 | 0.021 | 12 (5) | 11 (5) | 11 (5) | 0.263 | 0.419 |
Ankle | 2 (2) | 2 (1) | 2 (1) | 0.739 | 0.956 | 4 (2) | 4 (3) | 4 (2) | 0.771 | 0.429 | 7 (4) | 7 (5) | 6 (5) | 0.807 | 0.702 |
Muscle activity % of NT | |||||||||||||||
RF | −2 (21) | −1 (19) | 0.694 | 0.875 | 0 (23) | −8 (11) | 0.968 | 0.007 | 12 (20) | −2 (16) | 0.029 | 0.689 | |||
TA | −3 (26) | 2 (35) | 0.530 | 0.774 | 17 (43) | −8 (24) | 0.109 | 0.172 | −1 (15) | −5 (11) | 0.813 | 0.068 | |||
MG | 37 (65) | 5 (29) | 0.006 | 0.328 | 34 (61) | 0 (35) | 0.030 | 0.964 | −4 (17) | −6 (14) | 0.322 | 0.114 | |||
Soleus | 16 (32) | −1 (22) | 0.014 | 0.879 | 13 (34) | −11 (19) | 0.123 | 0.018 | −6 (13) | −5 (10) | 0.069 | 0.054 | |||