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Table 2 Associations between modifiable factors and PHC and MHC obtained from multivariable regression models using complete case analyses

From: Lifestyle, medication and socio-demographic determinants of mental and physical health-related quality of life in people with multiple sclerosis

Variables

 

Physical Health CompositeaCoefficient (95% CI)

p-value

Mental Health CompositebCoefficient (95% CI)

p-value

Latitude (per 10 degrees)

 

-1.3 (-2.0, -0.5)

0.001

-0.8 (-1.9, 0.1)

0.1

BMI

Normal

reference

   

Underweight

0.2 (-3.2, 3.7)

0.9

1.5 (-2.8, 5.9)

0.5

Overweight

-2.1 (-3.7, -0.4)

0.02

-3.1 (-5.1, -1.1)

0.002

Obese

-2.4 (-4.3, -0.5)

0.005

-3.5 (-5.7, -1.3)

0.002

Alcohol consumption

Low

reference

   

Moderate

0.3 (-7.8, 8.3)

0.9

0.9 (-7.8, 9.6)

0.8

High

-2.1- (-10.1, 5.9)

0.6

-1.8 (-10.6, 6.8)

0.7

Number of comorbidities

 

-4.4 (-4.9, -3.9)

<0.001

  

Diet: DHQ total (per 10 points)

 

1.6 (1.0, 2.2)

<0.001

2.8 (1.9, 3.5)

<0.001

Current smoker

 

-4.6 (-6.7, -2.4)

<0.001

-6.7 (-9.3, -4.1)

<0.001

Vitamin D supplementation

Low

reference

   

High

1.4 (-0.2, 3.1)

0.1

-0.04 (-2.1, 2.0)

0.9

Omega 3 supplementation

None

reference

   

Flaxseed only

2.5 (0.0, 5.1)

0.05

2.1 (-1.0, 5.2)

0.2

Fish oil only

1.0 (-0.6, 2.6)

0.2

1.0 (-0.9, 3.0)

0.3

Both flaxseed and fish oil

2.0 (-0.1, 4.1)

0.06

0.4 (-2.2, 3.0)

0.8

Exercise (IPAQ)

Low

reference

   

Moderate

5.9 (4.2, 7.6)

<0.001

4.0 (2.0, 6.0)

0.001

High

9.9 (8.1, 11.6)

<0.001

5.7 (3.5, 8.0)

<0.001

Meditation frequency

Never or < once a week

reference

   

Once a week or more

-.5 (-2.0, 1.0)

0.7

2.2 (0.2, 4.2)

0.03

Number of support people

None or one

reference

   

Two or more

3.1 (1.6, 4.6)

<0.001

6.7 (4.9, 8.5)

<0.001

Marital status

Single

  

reference

 

Partnered

  

4.7 (2.4, 7.0)

<0.001

Separated

  

1.8 (-1.4, 5.0)

0.3

Employment status

Unemployed

  

reference

 

Student or stay at home carer

  

7.0 (3.2, 10.9)

<0.001

Employed full or part time

  

9.4 (6.3, 12.5)

<0.001

Retired due to age or disability

  

4.8 (1.5, 8.1)

0.005

Education level

Didn’t complete high school

reference

   

High school and/or trade

3.6 (-1.1, 8.3)

0.14

  

Bachelor or higher degree

4.9 (0.2, 9.6)

0.04

  

DMD use

Yes

-2.1 (-3.4, -0.7)

0.003

-2.9 (-4.6, -1.3)

 0.002

  1. a,bModels were adjusted for gender and disability level (age was excluded as in this sample age was collinear with disability level). aThe complete case analysis consisted of 76% of individuals. bThe complete case analysis consisted of 82% of the individuals. Number of comorbidities which included measures of the MHC including depression was not included in this model