Table 1 Participant characteristics at baseline and follow-up according to CD condition

 Age (years)

117

34

59.4 ± 5.9

61.2 ± 4.6

0.066

82

19

59.9 ± 6.2

61.2 ± 4.6

0.128

35

15

58.2 ± 5.3

59.9 ± 4.3

0.280

 Sex (Female)

35

15

29.9 (%)

44.1 (%)

0.148

 BMI (kg/m²)

117

34

22.3 ± 2.4

22.6 ± 3.3

0.590

82

19

22.5 ± 2.3

23.0 ± 2.1

0.379

35

15

21.8 ± 2.8

22.0 ± 4.4

0.844

 SBP (mmHg)

117

34

124 ± 18.6

124 ± 19.0

0.974

82

19

124 ± 15.7

130 ± 20.8

0.118

35

15

124 ± 24.4

116 ± 12.9

0.122

 DBP (mmHg)

117

34

72.8 ± 9.5

73.0 ± 10.9

0.916

82

19

73.8 ± 8.9

74.6. ± 12.5

0.804

35

15

70.4 ± 10.6

71.0 ± 8.43

0.852

 Triglyceride (mg/dl)

115

34

98.7 ± 52.3

103 ± 47.4

0.604

81

19

102 ± 56.2

120 ± 51.8

0.198

34

15

90.1 ± 40.8

82.7 ± 31.5

0.537

 Total cholesterol (mg/dl)

115

34

211 ± 30.1

224 ± 43.2

0.108

81

19

208 ± 28.8

209 ± 37.4

0.938

34

15

219 ± 32.2

244 ± 42.9

0.029

 HDL-C (mg/dl)

115

34

68.0 ± 18.4

63.5 ± 16.0

0.205

81

19

64.1 ± 18.4

55.7 ± 11.5

0.061

34

15

77.1 ± 15.2

73.4 ± 15.6

0.437

 non-HDL-C (mg/dl)

115

34

141 ± 37.7

161 ± 42.4

0.009

82

19

142 ± 36.5

153 ± 40.5

0.259

35

15

138 ± 40.8

171 ± 43.9

0.014

 Total Protein (g/dl)

115

34

7.14 ± 0.39

7.33 ± 0.33

0.012

81

19

7.11 ± 0.39

7.22 ± 0.31

0.276

34

15

7.22 ± 0.37

7.47 ± 0.32

0.027

 Albumin (g/dl)

115

34

4.40 ± 0.21

4.41 ± 0.19

0.751

81

19

4.42 ± 0.22

4.39 ± 0.23

0.626

34

15

4.36 ± 0.18

4.45 ± 0.15

0.137

 A/G ratio

99

30

1.87 ± 0.21

1.74 ± 0.16

0.002

71

18

1.91 ± 0.22

1.78 ± 0.16

0.025

28

12

1.78 ± 0.17

1.68 ± 0.16

0.084

 Creatinine (mg/dl)

115

34

0.94 ± 0.14

0.94 ± 0.23

0.850

81

19

1.00 ± 0.12

1.04 ± 0.25

0.277

34

15

0.81 ± 0.10

0.80 ± 0.11

0.816

 Uric acid (mg/dl)

115

34

5.47 ± 1.18

5.30 ± 1.37

0.466

81

19

5.89 ± 1.03

5.75 ± 1.54

0.620

34

15

4.47 ± 0.91

4.73 ± 0.87

0.369

 HbA1c

117

34

5.05 ± 0.77

5.34 ± 0.66

0.044

82

19

5.09 ± 0.71

5.43 ± 0.81

0.076

35

15

4.98 ± 0.88

5.24 ± 0.41

0.228

 hsCRP (mg/dl)

71

26

0.09 ± 0.07

0.11 ± 0.11

0.347

54

15

0.08 ± 0.07

0.13 ± 0.13

0.183

17

11

0.10 ± 0.08

0.08 ± 0.09

0.559

C. pneumoniae seropositivity

39

14

33.3 (%)

41.2 (%)

0.420

25

11

30.5 (%)

57.9 (%)

0.034

14

3

40.0 (%)

20.0 (%)

0.209

H. pylori seropositivity

58

27

49.6 (%)

79.4 (%)

0.003

37

15

45.1 (%)

78.9 (%)

0.010

21

12

60.0 (%)

80.0 (%)

0.209

ApoE4 carrier

25

6

21.4 (%)

17.7 (%)

0.633

15

4

18.2 (%)

21.1 (%)

0.756

10

2

28.6 (%)

13.3 (%)

0.466

ApoE4 not determined

2

1

1.71 (%)

2.94 (%)

2

0

2.43 (%)

0 (%)

0

1

0 (%)

6.67 (%)

 Hypertension

35

14

29.9 (%)

41.2 (%)

0.298

22

11

26.8 (%)

57.9 (%)

0.015

13

3

37.1 (%)

20.0 (%)

0.328

 Hyperlipidemia

18

6

15.3 (%)

17.6 (%)

0.793

15

5

18.3 (%)

26.3 (%)

0.525

3

1

8.57 (%)

6.67 (%)

1.000

 Diabetes

21

8

18.0 (%)

23.5 (%)

0.471

17

5

20.7 (%)

26.3 (%)

0.759

4

3

11.4 (%)

20.0 (%)

0.415

 History of stroke

1

0

0.86 (%)

0 (%)

1.000

0

0

0 (%)

0 (%)

1

0

2.86 (%)

0 (%)

1.000

  < 13 year

53

23

45.3 (%)

67.6 (%)

0.049

32

12

39.0 (%)

63.2 (%)

0.122

21

11

60.0 (%)

73.3 (%)

0.526

  ≥ 13 year

60

11

51.3 (%)

32.4 (%)

47

7

57.3 (%)

36.8 (%)

13

4

37.1 (%)

26.7 (%)

 Not determined

4

0

3.42 (%)

0 (%)

3

0

3.66 (%)

0 (%)

1

0

2.86 (%)

0 (%)

 Current

78

15

66.7 (%)

44.1 (%)

0.067

67

13

81.7 (%)

68.4 (%)

0.301

11

2

31.4 (%)

13.3 (%)

0.297

 Former

3

2

2.56 (%)

5.88 (%)

3

2

3.66 (%)

10.5 (%)

0

0

0 (%)

0 (%)

 Never

35

16

29.9 (%)

47.0 (%)

11

4

13.4 (%)

21.1 (%)

24

12

68.6 (%)

80.0 (%)

 Not determined

1

1

0.86 (%)

2.94 (%)

1

0

1.22 (%)

0 (%)

0

1

0 (%)

6.67 (%)

 Current

21

7

17.9 (%)

20.6 (%)

0.758

20

7

24.4 (%)

36.8 (%)

0.561

1

0

2.86 (%)

0 (%)

0.221

 Former

40

9

34.2 (%)

26.5 (%)

40

8

48.8 (%)

42.1 (%)

0

1

0 (%)

6.67 (%)

 Never

54

16

46.2 (%)

47.1 (%)

21

4

25.6 (%)

21.1 (%)

33

12

94.3 (%)

80.0 (%)

 Not determined

2

2

1.71 (%)

5.88 (%)

1

0

1.22 (%)

0 (%)

1

2

2.86 (%)

13.3 (%)

 MMSE

117

34

29.5 ± 0.71

29.0 ± 0.75

<0.001

82

19

29.6 ± 0.64

29.3 ± 0.67

0.092

35

15

29.4 ± 0.85

28.6 ± 0.72

0.004

  Ta

117

34

10 [4-18]

9 [4-18]

0.274

82

19

10 [4-18]

9 [4-18]

0.501

35

15

10 [4-18]

8 [4-18]

0.469

  Ka

117

34

12 [2-21]

11 [5-17]

0.052

82

19

12 [4-21]

11 [5-17]

0.100

35

15

12 [2-21]

10 [6-17]

0.425

 Pulse wave velocity (m/sec)

116

34

15.2 ± 2.68

16.6 ± 2.73

0.013

81

19

15.4 ± 2.56

17.8 ± 2.94

<0.001

35

15

14.9 ± 2.95

14.9 ± 1.25

0.959

 MMSE

117

34

29.5 ± 0.67

26.0 ± 0.88

<0.001

82

19

29.6 ± 0.54

25.8 ± 0.87

<0.001

35

15

29.3 ± 0.87

26.1 ± 0.91

<0.001

  Ta

117

34

9 [2-17]

8 [3-24]

0.026

82

19

9 [2-15]

8 [4-13]

0.055

35

15

9 [2-17]

8 [3-24]

0.237

  Ka

117

34

10 [3-20]

9 [5-18]

0.038

82

19

10 [3-20]

9 [5-18]

0.440

35

15

10 [3-20]

8 [5-14]

0.017

 Pulse wave velocity (m/sec)

116

34

17.0 ± 2.99

18.5 ± 3.28

0.011

81

19

17.2 ± 2.65

19.4 ± 3.76

0.026

35

15

16.4 ± 3.64

17.4 ± 2.20

0.329

 IADL

117

34

13 [9-13]

13 [7-13]

0.463

81

19

13 [9-13]

13 [9-13]

0.595

35

15

13 [10-13]

13 [7-13]

0.580

 METs

117

34

14.5 [2.0-48.4]

16.9 [1.5-50.4]

0.161

81

19

15.2 [2.5-48.4]

17.1 [1.5-50.4]

0.195

35

15

14.5 [2.0-42.5]

14.2 [1.5-40.0]

0.335

 Hypertension

63

20

53.9 (%)

58.8 (%)

0.697

45

15

54.9 (%)

78.9 (%)

0.071

18

5

51.4 (%)

33.3 (%)

0.355

 Hyperlipidemia

61

25

52.1 (%)

73.5 (%)

0.031

41

14

50.0 (%)

73.7 (%)

0.076

20

11

57.1 (%)

73.3 (%)

0.351

 Diabetes

26

10

22.2 (%)

29.4 (%)

0.372

22

7

26.8 (%)

36.8 (%)

0.407

4

3

11.4 (%)

20.0 (%)

0.415

 History of stroke

6

1

5.13 (%)

2.94 (%)

0.822

4

1

4.88 (%)

5.26 (%)

1.000

2

0

5.71 (%)

0 (%)

0.640

 Nothing

108

31

92.3 (%)

91.2 (%)

0.804

77

18

93.9 (%)

94.7 (%)

0.888

31

13

88.6 (%)

86.7 (%)

1.000

 Sometimes

8

3

6.84 (%)

8.82 (%)

4

1

4.88 (%)

5.26 (%)

4

2

11.4 (%)

13.3 (%)

 Always

1

0

0.86 (%)

0 (%)

1

0

1.22 (%)

0 (%)

0

0

0 (%)

0 (%)