Table 3 Factors affecting cognitive change from 3 months to 12 months in total patients

Male, n (%)

991 (69.3)

46 (49.5)

107 (50.5)

.000^**

248 (52.5)

185 (57.6)

52 (53.6)

.362

Age, (mean ± SD)

61.52 ± 12.53 _a

69.44 ± 11.16 _b

73.75 ± 8.85 _c

.000^**

70.32 ± 11.07 _a

66.34 ± 11.54 _b

72.32 ± 9.45 _ab

.000^**

Education, n (%)

 Uneducated

114 (8.0)

25 (26.9)

44 (20.8)

.000^**

35 (7.4)

11 (3.4)

13 (13.4)

.000^**

 0–3 years

46 (3.2)

10 (10.8)

12 (5.7)

40 (8.5)

26 (8.1)

11 (11.3)

 4–6 years

189 (13.2)

25 (26.9)

52 (24.5)

117 (24.8)

73 (22.7)

27 (27.8)

 7–9 years

222 (15.5)

17 (18.3)

45 (21.2)

113 (23.9)

70 (21.8)

21 (21.6)

 10–12 years

468 (32.7)

8 (8.6)

36 (17.0)

135 (28.6)

93 (29.0)

19 (19.6)

 13 years–

391 (27.3)

8 (8.6)

23 (10.8)

32 (6.8)

48 (15.0)

6 (6.2)

BMI (kg/m²), (mean ± SD)

24.10 ± 3.28 _a

23.59 ± 3.61 _ab

23.49 ± 3.33 _b

.023^*

23.35 ± 3.08

23.47 ± 3.30

22.62 ± 3.27

.071

Risk factors of stroke, n (%)

 Hypertension

779 (54.5)

63 (67.7)

118 (88.7)

.030^*

275 (58.3)

178 (55.5)

68 (70.1)

.037^*

 Diabetes Mellitus

206 (14.4)

15 (16.1)

24 (11.3)

.412

70 (14.8)

44 (13.7)

22 (22.7)

.091

 Coronary heart disease

98 (6.9)

9 (9.7)

15 (7.1)

.587

40 (8.5)

20 (6.2)

5 (5.2)

.339

 Atrial fibrillation

118 (8.3)

14 (15.1)

27 (12.7)

.014^*

68 (14.4)

37 (11.5)

11 (11.3)

.433

 Hyperlipidemia

246 (17.2)

12 (12.9)

39 (18.4)

.493

54 (11.4)

42 (13.1)

15 (15.5)

.505

 Obesity

190 (13.3)

14 (15.1)

23 (10.8)

.522

49 (10.4)

40 (12.5)

4 (4.1)

.063

 Family history

135 (9.4)

5 (5.4)

20 (9.4)

.420

48 (10.2)

26 (8.1)

7 (7.2)

.483

Smoking, n (%)

 Current smokers

462 (32.3)

17 (18.3)

44 (20.8)

.000^**

127 (26.9)

87 (27.1)

29 (29.9)

.859

 Former smokers

202 (14.1)

10 (10.8)

19 (9.0)

55 (11.7)

39 (12.1)

8 (8.2)

 Never smokers

766 (53.6)

66 (71.0)

149 (70.3)

290 (61.4)

195 (60.7)

60 (61.9)

Alcohol consumption, n (%)

 None

793 (55.5)

62 (66.7)

144 (67.9)

.002^**

327 (69.3)

202 (63.0)

67 (69.1)

.253

 Moderate

452 (31.6)

23 (24.7)

42 (19.8)

97 (20.6)

72 (22.4)

21 (21.6)

 Heavy

185 (12.9)

8 (8.6)

26 (12.3)

48 (10.2)

47 (14.6)

9 (9.3)

2) Stroke characteristics

Ischemic type (TOAST)

 Large–artery atherosclerosis

641 (44.8)

58 (62.4)

101 (47.6)

.062

229 (48.5)

173 (53.9)

56 (57.7)

.572

 Small-artery occlusion

373 (26.1)

14 (15.1)

53 (25.0)

85 (18.0)

57 (17.8)

15 (15.5)

 Cardioembolism

156 (10.9)

6 (6.5)

24 (11.3)

74 (15.7)

39 (12.1)

9 (9.3)

 Other determined

115 (8.0)

4 (4.3)

12 (5.7)

29 (6.1)

14 (4.4)

5 (5.2)

 Undetermined ischemic stroke

145 (10.1)

11 (11.8)

22 (10.4)

55 (11.7)

38 (11.8)

12 (12.4)

Ischemic location

 Rt. hemisphere

680 (47.6)

46 (49.5)

99 (46.7)

.580

178 (37.7)

117 (36.4)

41 (42.3)

.698

 Lt. hemisphere

648 (45.3)

37 (39.8)

94 (44.3)

262 (55.5)

185 (57.6)

48 (49.5)

 Both hemisphere

102 (7.1)

10 (10.8)

19 (9.0)

178 (37.7)

19 (5.9)

8 (8.2)

Affected level

 Cortical level

440 (30.8)

37 (39.8)

70 (33.0)

.007^**

191 (40.5)

139 (43.3)

41 (42.3)

.878

 Subcortical level

454 (31.7)

22 (23.7)

49 (23.1)

115 (24.4)

83 (25.9)

25 (25.8)

 Brainstem level

330 (23.1)

13 (14.0)

58 (27.4)

63 (13.3)

41 (12.8)

14 (14.4)

 Multiple level

206 (14.4)

21 (22.6)

35 (16.5)

103 (21.8)

58 (18.1)

17 (17.5)

3) Treatment characteristics

 IV thrombolysis

104 (7.3)

7 (7.5)

13 (6.1)

.826

43 (9.1)

29 (9.0)

15 (15.5)

.136

 IA thrombolysis

21 (1.5)

3 (3.2)

4 (1.9)

.404

23 (4.9)

9 (2.8)

2 (2.1)

.208

 IV heparin

121 (8.5)

5 (5.4)

17 (8.0)

.573

33 (7.0)

18 (5.6)

10 (10.3)

.271

 Antiplatelet agent

1,140 (79.7)

77 (82.8)

166 (78.3)

.668

333 (70.6)

240 (74.8)

65 (67.0)

.241

 Rehabilitation Therapy

386 (27.0)

29 (31.2)

59 (27.8)

.669

187 (60.4)

116 (36.1)

43 (44.3)

.311

 Cognitive Therapy

56 (3.9)

4 (4.3)

9 (4.2)

.961

28 (5.9)

33 (10.3)

11 (11.3)

.041^*

4) Functional assessments

Cognitive function (K-MMSE)

 3 months from onset

28.09 ± 2.66 _a

23.67 ± 3.60 _b

26.81 ± 3.53 _c

.000^**

16.14 ± 9.81 _a

17.87 ± 7.81 _b

16.34 ± 7.27 _ab

.024^*

 12 months from onset

28.14 ± 2.75 _a

27.41 ± 3.19 _a

22.00 ± 4.80 _b

.000^**

16.42 ± 10.09 _a

24.11 ± 5.69 _b

11.03 ± 7.46 _c

.000^**

 Variation (from 3 months to 12 months)

0.05 ± 1.07 _a

3.41 ± 1.23 _b

−4.81 ± 2.91 _c

.000^**

0.29 ± 1.09 _a

6.25 ± 4.19 _b

−5.31 ± 2.81 _c

.000^**

Stroke Severity, ADL, Motor, Gait, Depression, QoL (3 months from onset)

 NIHSS

0.77 ± 1.85 _a

1.11 ± 2.03 _ab

1.12 ± 2.02 _b

.015^*

5.09 ± 6.86 _a

3.12 ± 4.62 _b

5.25 ± 4.63 _a

.000^**

 mRS

0.99 ± 1.02 _a

1.44 ± 1.28 _b

1.43 ± 1.20 _b

.000^**

2.57 ± 1.68 _a

2.17 ± 1.52 _b

3.15 ± 1.29 _c

.000^**

 FIM

120.00 ± 12.73 _a

114.16 ± 17.39 _b

113.93 ± 18.05 _b

.000^**

88.70 ± 38.13 _a

100.18 ± 30.85 _b

82.80 ± 30.61 _a

.000^**

 K-MBI

95.44 ± 11.90 _a

90.03 ± 16.88 _b

89.88 ± 17.34 _b

.000^**

69.11 ± 36.99 _a

79.71 ± 28.65 _b

63.41 ± 30.94 _a

.000^**

 FMA

94.11 ± 15.80

91.19 ± 18.70

89.88 ± 17.34

.119

72.75 ± 35.71 _a

81.68 ± 30.77 _b

63.65 ± 35.07 _c

.000^**

 FAC

4.66 ± 0.87 _a

6.59 ± 4.07 _b

6.74 ± 4.40 _b

.000^**

3.10 ± 2.03 _a

3.65 ± 1.77 _b

2.66 ± 1.83 _a

.000^**

 GDS

4.95 ± 3.79 _a

6.59 ± 4.07 _b

6.74 ± 4.40 _b

.000^**

7.25 ± 4.11 _a

7.30 ± 4.32 _a

9.31 ± 3.92 _b

.006^**

 EQ-5D

0.78 ± 0.28 _a

0.69 ± 0.33 _b

0.65 ± 0.36 _b

.000^**

0.44 ± 0.41 _a

0.53 ± 0.40 _b

0.31 ± 0.37 _c

.000^**