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Table 3 Prevalence and odds ratios for individual physical conditions (standardised by age, gender and deprivation score). Conditions are ordered by size of odds ratio (largest to smallest)

From: Co-morbidity and polypharmacy in Parkinson’s disease: insights from a large Scottish primary care database

Condition

Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 2640

No Parkinson’s N (prevalence %) N = 507,862

Odds ratio (95% CI) (standardised by age, gender and deprivation)a

Constipation

725 (27.5)

29,629 (5.8)

3.92 (3.57–4.31)

Viral hepatitis

1 (0.0)

1684 (0.0)

2.03 (0.27–14.99) p = 0.48

Epilepsy

47 (1.8)

5109 (1.0)

1.79 (1.34–2.40)

Multiple sclerosis

9 (0.3)

1683 (0.3)

1.53 (0.79–2.97) p = 0.20

Visual impairment

77 (2.9)

6297 (1.2)

1.37 (1.09–1.73)

Stroke or transient ischaemic attack

363 (13.8)

33,146 (6.5)

1.37 (1.22–1.53)

Painful condition

573 (21.7)

85,233 (16.8)

1.34 (1.22–1.47)

Irritable bowel syndrome

123 (4.6)

21,903 (4.3)

1.33 (1.11–1.60)

Cirrhosis/chronic liver disease/alcoholic liver disease

9 (0.3)

1684 (0.3)

1.27 (0.66–2.46) p = 0.46

Coronary heart disease

664 (25.2)

74,789 (14.7)

1.22 (1.11–1.33)

Prostate disease

155 (5.9)

13,252 (2.6)

1.25 (1.05–1.48)

Heart failure

178 (6.7)

17,193 (3.4)

1.17 (1.00–1.37) p = 0.04

Any new cancer in the last 5 years

267 (10.1)

32,629 (6.4)

1.16 (1.02–1.32) p = 0.02

Thyrotoxicosis/thyroid disorders incl. Hypothyroidism

291 (11.0)

47,874 (9.4)

1.15 (1.01–1.31)

Glaucoma

135 (5.1)

14,166 (2.8)

1.15 (0.96–1.37) p = 0.10

Dyspepsia

326 (12.4)

51,172 (10.1)

1.13 (1.01–1.22)

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

150 (5.7)

18,800 (3.7)

1.08 (0.91–1.28) p = 0.34

Diverticular disease

239 (9.1)

30,692 (6.0)

1.06 (0.92–1.21) p = 0.38

Atrial fibrillation

212 (8.0)

22,378 (4.4)

1.03 (0.89–1.18) p = 0.67

Diabetes

348 (13.2)

55,548 (10.9)

1.02 (0.91–1.14) p = 0.72

Inflammatory arthritis and related conditions incl. Gout

269 (10.2)

41,973 (8.3)

1.02 (0.90–1.16) p = 0.71

Inflammatory bowel disease

25 (0.9)

4787 (0.9)

1.02 (0.69–1.52) p = 0.89

Hearing loss

284 (10.8)

36,486 (7.2)

1.01 (0.89–1.14) p = 0.89

Psoriasis or eczema

26 (0.9)

4775 (0.9)

0.93 (0.63–1.08) p = 0.74

Chronic sinusitis

17 (0.6)

4334 (0.9)

0.91 (0.56–1.47) p = 0.70

Active asthma

141 (5.3)

32,307 (6.4)

0.88 (0.74–1.04) p = 0.14

Migraine

8 (0.3)

3697 (0.7)

0.84 (0.42–1.69) p = 0.64

Hypertension

1087 (41.1)

192,833 (38.0)

0.82 (0.76–0.89)

Bronchiectasis

11 (0.4)

2311 (0.5)

0.81 (0.46–1.48) p = 0.50

Chronic kidney disease

226 (8.6)

31,719 (6.3)

0.80 (0.70–0.91)

  1. aAll differences significant at p < 0.001 except where stated