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Table 1 Comparison of individual items in 11 versions of the MMSE used in Asia

From: Characteristic differences in the mini-mental state examination used in Asian countries

 

China

Hong Kong

India

Indonesia

Japan

Korea

Malaysia

The Philippines

Singapore

Taiwan

Thailand

Time orientation (5) a

           

 Year

  

M, A, Eb

        

 Month

           

 Day

           

 Date

           

 Season

      

Time

 

Festival

Alternativesc

 

Place orientation (5) d

           

 Country

Department

Place nature

Post office

 

Prefecture

      

 Province

 

Region

District

 

Region

  

Street (barangay)

District

  

 City

 

District

Village

  

Place nature

  

Landmark

  

 Hospital

 

Building

Block (zip code)

  

Place name

Building

Place name

   

 Floor

  

Place name

        

Registration (3) and Recall (3)

Rubber ball

Apple

Mango

Apple

any threee

Plane

any threee

Mango

Pen

any threee

Flower

 

National flag

Newspaper

Chair

Table

 

Pencil

 

Table

Apple

 

River

 

Tree

Train

Coin

Coin

 

Pine tree

 

Money

Cat

 

Train (tree, ocean, car)f

Attention and Calculation (5)

Serial 7’s

Serial 7’s or

 

Serial 7’s or

Serial 7’s or

Serial 7’s

Serial 7’s or

 

Serial 7’s or

Serial 7’s

Serial 7’s or

     

Serial 5’s or

 

Serial 3’s from 20 or

    
  

Digit span

Name,

Spell

Spell

 

Spell

Spell

Spell

 

Spell

  

backwards

Date

“WAHYU”

“Fujinoyama”

 

“WORLD”

“KARNE”

“WORLD”

 

“MANĀW”

   

backwards

backwards (means revelation)

backwards

 

backwards

backwards (means meat)

backwards

 

backwards (means lemon)

Language and Visuospatial function (9)

           

Naming (2)

  

touch g

        

  Pencil

Pen

 

Pen

  

Ballpoint pen

   

any twoh

 

  Watch

   

Book

       

Repeat (1)

           
 

“Si shi si zhi shi zi”

“Yi fu mai yu chang”

“Na tō yaha na hī vaha”

“Namun, tanpa, bila”

“Min’na de, ryokuo awasete tsunao hikimasu”

“Baek mun e bul yeo il geoun”

“Tak mungkin dan cukup mustahil”

“Minikaniko ni monikaang makina”

“Marah, merah, murah”

Randomk

“Cry- cry –kai- ggai –kai”

  (meaning)

(It is forty-four stone lions.)

(Uncle is buying fish guts.)i

(neither this nor that: proverb)

(However, without, if)

(Everyone, pull the rope to fit the power.)

(Seeing is believing.)

(No, it is impossible.)

unknown (tongue-twister)

(angry, red, cheap)j

 

(who, desire, chicken, egg)

Command (3)

           

  Take a paper in your right hand,

in your right hand

  

in your hand

 

Turn the paper

 

with your non-dominant hand

 

in your left hand

 

  fold it in half, and

           

  put it on the floor (table).

on your thigh

on your lap

give it to me

on the floor

on the desk

give it to me

put it on the floor

on your lap

 

give it to me

 

Reading (1)

  

follow l

        

Writing (1)

  

(no score)m

        

Inter-locking pentagons (1)

  

3 pointsm

        
  1. aOrder of items asked could be changed
  2. bInstead of the year, a question about the time of day is asked, i.e., morning (M), afternoon (A), or evening (E)
  3. cAlternatives are lunar feasts, current time, and morning, noon, afternoon, or evening, etc
  4. dOrder of items asked could be changed
  5. eAny three unrelated words could be used
  6. fIf the questionnaire was administered to the same respondent a second time within 2 months
  7. gRespondents could touch objects
  8. hAny two objects were selected
  9. iIn Hong Kong, the English version used “No ifs, ands, or buts”
  10. jIn Singapore, the English version used “No ifs, ands, or buts” and the Chinese version used “Si shi si zhi shi shi zi”
  11. kAny random sentence could be used
  12. lRespondents followed the researcher’s speech
  13. mIn India, there was no score for the writing item. Instead, the drawing item consisted of a diamond within a square and was scored out of 3 points