Table 1 Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Non-Diabetic controls (ND) and Diabetic Non-Neuropathic Subjects (DNN), as well as Patients with Sensory Polyneuropathy with Hypoesthesia (DS_hP) or Hyperesthesia (DS_HP), and Diabetic Motor Neuropathy (DMN)

Demographic characteristics

N = 375

N = 26

N = 121

N = 55

N = 41

 Age (years)

56 (49–63) ^bc

50 (42–59) ^c

58 (52–63) ^ab

56 (52–61) ^abc

61 (55–65) ^a

 Female gender (%)

75 (281/375) ^a

69 (18/26) ^ab

63 (76/121) ^b

62 (34/55) ^ab

56 (23/41) ^b

 Duration of Diabetes (years)

-

4 (2–8) ^b

8 (3–13) ^ab

10 (4–15) ^a

13 (5–18) ^a

 Hypertension (%)

-

12 (3/26) ^a

21 (25/121) ^a

24 (13/55) ^a

27 (11/41) ^a

 Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs (%)

-

96 (25/26) ^ab

93 (112/121) ^a

89 (49/55) ^ab

78 (32/41) ^b

 Insulin treatment (%)

-

8 (2/26) ^b

17 (21/121) ^b

27 (15/55) ^ab

34 (14/41) ^a

 PPAR-α/γ Activators pioglitazone or bezafibrate (%)

-

42 (11/26) ^a

20 (24/121) ^b

16 (9/55) ^b

22 (9/41) ^ab

 HMGCoA reductase Inhibitors (%)

-

23 (6/26) ^a

12 (15/121) ^a

11 (6/55) ^a

15 (6/41) ^a