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Table 3 Eligible studies presenting predictors of UTI

From: Predictors of post-stroke fever and infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Author

Study design

Number of included participants

Significant predictors

Significant protective factors

Non-significant factors

Quality assessment

Fluri F. 2012 [11]

Prospective cohort.

383

In all models: Procalcitonin, c-reactive protein, white blood cell count, Monocytes. Model 1,3,4: Copeptin.

–

In all models: Body temperature. Model 2: Copeptin.

Average risk of bias.

Minnerup J. 2010 [67]

Prospective cohort.

594

–

Lesion size < 1,5 cm.

Lesion size 1,5–5,0 cm or 1/3 of MCA. Lesion size > 5 cm or > 1/3 of MCA.

Average risk of bias.

Stott DJ. 2009 [29]

Prospective cohort.

412

Urinary catheter, post-stroke modified Rankin Scale, age by decade,

–

–

Average risk of bias.

Dromerick AW. 2003 [30]

Retrospective cohort.

101

Beta-blocker, post void residual \volume > 150 ml,

–

Age > 65, Motor syndrome, Male, Anti-depressant,

High risk of bias.

Brogan E. 2014 [32]

Retrospective cohort.

533

Incontinence on admission.

–

–

High risk of bias.

Chen CM. 2012 [28]

Retrospective cohort.

341

Mean rehabilitation ward stay, post void residual volume > 50 ml,

–

Mean acute ward stay, ischemic stroke.

High risk of bias.

Ersoz M. 2007 [68]

Prospective cohort.

110

–

–

Urinary catheter.

Average risk of bias.

Ingeman A. 2010 [37]

Retrospective cohort; registry.

11,757

Examination with CT/MRI.

Early mobilization.

Early admission to stroke unit, antiplatelet therapy, anticoagulant therapy, assessment by physiotherapist, assessment by occupational therapist, assessment of nutritional risk, dysphagia screening,

High risk of bias.

Lee SY. 2016 [25]

Retrospective cohort; registry.

3002

Previous pressure ulcer.

–

–

High risk of bias.

Gargano JW. 2008 [47]

Retrospective cohort; registry.

2566

Female

–

–

High risk of bias.

Kwan J. 2004 [26]

Case-control

351

–

Integrated care pathway in acute stroke unit.

–

High risk of bias.