| |
Whole cohort (N = 384)
|
Controls (N = 151)
|
Gait deficits (N = 79)
|
Balance deficits (N = 44)
|
Gait and balance deficits (N = 110)
|
P-Value
|
|---|
|
Median
|
Range
|
Median
|
Range
|
Median
|
Range
|
Median
|
Range
|
Median
|
Range
|
|---|
|
Age [years]
|
64
|
40–90
|
57
|
40–86
|
60
|
40–89
|
70*#
|
44–89
|
69.5*#
|
41–90
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Gender [% female]
|
42.4
| |
43.0
| |
36.7
| |
43.2
| |
45.5
| |
0.67
|
|
Height [m]
|
1.72
|
1.48–2.01
|
1.73
|
1.49–2.01
|
1.73
|
1.48–1.98
|
1.70
|
1.58–1.88
|
1.70
|
1.49–2.00
|
0.04
|
|
Weight [kg]
|
79
|
37–134
|
80
|
50–134
|
82
|
46–117
|
79
|
55–115
|
74
|
37–123
|
0.13
|
|
BMI [kg/m2]
|
26.2
|
14.9–43.0
|
26.3
|
19.4–41.8
|
26.4
|
17.3–41.6
|
26.8
|
19.4–38.4
|
25.9
|
14.9–43.0
|
0.77
|
|
Falls in the last 24 months [N]
|
0
|
0–100
|
0
|
0–50
|
0
|
0–50
|
1*
|
0–55
|
1*#
|
0–100
|
< 0.0001
|
|
At least one fall in the last 24 months [%]
|
46
| |
29
| |
42
| |
62*
| |
65*#
| |
< 0.0001
|
|
LACHS (0–15)
|
3
|
0–10
|
2
|
0–8
|
3*
|
0–6
|
3*
|
1–9
|
4*#
|
0–10
|
< 0.0001
|
|
MMSE (0–30)
|
28
|
13–30
|
29
|
24–30
|
28*
|
13–30
|
28*
|
13–30
|
27*
|
13–30
|
< 0.0001
|
|
TMT-A [s]
|
49
|
13–300
|
38
|
13–300
|
48*
|
23–300
|
55*
|
26–300
|
72*#
|
17.7–300
|
< 0.0001
|
|
TMT-B [s]
|
149
|
34–300
|
101
|
34–300
|
129*
|
38–300
|
174*
|
60–300
|
300*#
|
38.8–300
|
< 0.0001
|
|
∆TMT [s]
|
85
|
−30-280
|
60
|
−30-280
|
78*
|
0–253
|
98
|
0–257
|
149*
|
0–270
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Timed up and go convenient speed [s]
|
12
|
6–92
|
10
|
6–25
|
12*
|
8–28
|
11*
|
8–18
|
16*#+
|
8–92
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Timed up and go fast speed [s]
|
9
|
5–47
|
7
|
5–15
|
10*
|
6–22
|
11*
|
6–15
|
14*#+
|
7–47
|
< 0.0001
|
|
BDI II (0–63)
|
10
|
0–51
|
8
|
0–51
|
10
|
0–28
|
10
|
0–38
|
12*
|
0–51
|
0.0004
|
|
FES-I (0–64)
|
20
|
0–64
|
18
|
0–63
|
21*
|
0–44
|
20*
|
14–48
|
27*#+
|
14–64
|
< 0.0001
|
|
EQ5D VAS (0–100)
|
60
|
1–100
|
70
|
20–100
|
55
|
10–95
|
50*
|
5–90
|
50*#
|
1–95
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Functional Reach [cm]
|
23
|
3–82
|
27
|
8–45
|
23*
|
3–82
|
20*
|
5–35
|
18*#
|
5–34
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Gait speed [m/s]
|
1.10
|
0.27–2.33
|
1.34
|
0.95–2.33
|
0.99*
|
0.56–1.67
|
1.15*#
|
0.81–2.03
|
0.80*#+
|
0.27–1.5
|
< 0.0001
|
|
Grip force [kg]
|
27
|
3–76
|
29
|
10–76
|
29
|
7–56
|
28
|
15–51
|
23*#
|
3–51
|
< 0.0001
|
- Data is presented with median and range. P-values were calculated using the Kruskal-Wallis-test, with post hoc Mann-Whitney-U-Test and Chi2 test. For post hoc testing Bonferroni correction for multiple testing was applied. * p < 0.0083 for comparison with the control cohort group, #p < 0.0083 for comparison with the gait deficit cohort, +p < 0.0083 for comparison with the balance deficit cohort. BDI II Beck’s depression inventory II, BMI Body mass index, EQ5D VAS Visual analog scale of the EuroQol-5 dimension questionnaire, FES-I Falls efficacy scale international, LACHS Geriatric screening according to Lachs et al., MMSE Mini-mental state examination, TMT Trail making test (part A, B, and B-A = ∆TMT)
