Table 2 Characteristics of the study patients according to the presence (CAN+) or absence of CAN (CAN−)
From: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients
Variable | DM type 1 | DM type 2 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAN - | CAN + | p value | CAN - | CAN + | p value | |
Nr (%) | 13 (38.2) | 21(61.8) | 98 (60.9) | 63 (39.1) | ||
Male/Female, nr (%) | 5(38.5)/8 (61.5) | 7 (33.3)/14 (66.7) | 0.76# | 47 (48.0)/51 (52.0) | 29 (46.0)/34 (54.0) | 0.81# |
Age (years) | 30.8 ± 8.2 | 40.3 ± 8.5 | 0.003** | 57.4 ± 8.5 | 59.1 ± 7.7 | 0.22** |
Age at diabetes diagnosis (years) | 24.4 ± 7.3 | 20.7 ± 7.4 | 0.16** | 53.1 ± 8.6 | 45.0 ± 7.9 | 0.0001** |
DM duration (years) | 7 (1–11) | 22 (6–27) | 0.0001* | 4 (1–15) | 12 (5–37) | 0.0001* |
DM duration | ||||||
< 5 years, nr (%) | 4 (30.8) | 0 (0.0) | 0.02# | 61 (62.2) | 0 (0.0) | 0.0001# |
5–10 years nr (%) | 8 (61.5) | 2 (9.5) | 0.04# | 8 (8.2) | 20 (31.7) | 0.002# |
11–15 years, nr (%) | 1 (7.7) | 5 (23.8) | 0.52# | 29 (29.6) | 25 (39.7) | 0.24# |
> 15 years, nr (%) | 0 (0.0) | 14 (66.7) | 0.001# | 0 (0.0) | 18 (28.6) | 0.0001# |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.1 ± 4.1 | 23.5 ± 3.5 | 0.08** | 29.3 ± 4.9 | 33.2 ± 5.1 | 0.0001** |
SBP (mmHg) | 119.4 ± 11.3 | 126.3 ± 14.8 | 0.16** | 140.6 ± 18.4 | 149.9 ± 20.7 | 0.01** |
DBP (mmHg) | 70.7 ± 7.2 | 73.9 ± 11.9 | 0.38** | 80.9 ± 9.4 | 82.1 ± 10.7 | 0.44** |
Pulse pressure | 48.7 ± 8.2 | 53.8 ± 11.3 | 0.16** | 59.5 ± 15.4 | 64.6 ± 16.5 | 0.04** |
Hypertension (yes) | 1 (7.7) | 8 (38.1) | 0.051# | 62 (63.3) | 44 (69.8) | 0.39# |
Nonsmokers | 7 (53.8) | 14 66.7) | 0.45# | 64 (65.3) | 28 (44.4) | 0.03# |
Smokers | 6 (46.2) | 7 (33.3) | 0.45# | 34 (34.7) | 35 (55.6) | 0.02# |
< 20cigarettes/day | 5 (38.5) | 5 (23.8) | 0.5# | 17 (17.3) | 16 (25.4) | 0.78# |
> 20cigarettes/day | 2 (15.4) | 2 (9.5) | 0.5# | 17 (17.3) | 19 (30.2) | 0.54# |
Triglycerides (mg%) | 142 (76–188) | 143 (78–478) | 0.22* | 154.5 (60–996.0) | 204 (95–1100) | 0.001* |
Cholesterol (mg%) | 170.5 ± 26.3 | 200.6 ± 68.3 | 0.14** | 204.5 ± 29.1 | 228.7 ± 49.1 | 0.002** |
HgbA1c | 8.4 ± 0.72 | 9.6 ± 1.37 | 0.01** | 7.9 ± 1.4 | 9.1 ± 1.2 | 0.001** |
FPG (mg%) | 229.2 ± 55.8 | 233.4 ± 69.2 | 0.85** | 173.6 ± 68.2 | 199.7 ± 53.7 | 0.01** |
eRFG | 86.9 ± 17.4 | 60.7 ± 23.6 | 0.001** | 85.6 ± 17.2 | 60.4 ± 14.6 | 0.0001** |
PNP | ||||||
Clinical | 3 (23.1) | 19 (90.5) | 0.0001# | 16 (17.5) | 52 (82.5) | 0.0001# |
Subclinical | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | – | 40 (40.8) | 6 (9.5) | 0.0001# |
No PNP | 10 (76.9) | 2 (9.5) | 0.0001# | 42 (42.9) | 5 (7.9) | 0.0001# |
Retinopathy | ||||||
Proliferative | 0 (0.0) | 8 (38.1) | 0.003# | 2 (2.0) | 8 (12.7) | 0.002# |
Preproliferative | 0 (0.0) | 12 (57.2) | 0.001# | 12 (12.2) | 37 (58.7) | 0.0001# |
No rethinopathy | 13 (100.0) | 1 (4.8) | 0.001# | 84 (85.7) | 18 (28.6) | 0.0001# |
ABI | 1.02 (0.91–1.1) | 0.92 (0.75–1.3) | 0.30* | 1.01 (0.78–0.14) | 0.86(0.75–1.35) | 0.0001* |
QTc | 402.8 ± 33.4 | 449.2 ± 27.4 | 0.001** | 412.7 ± 27.6 | 447.8 ± 25.1 | 0.0001** |
IMT | 0.60 ± 0.13 | 0.86 ± 0.16 | 0.001** | 0.82 ± 0.17 | 1.03 ± 0.15 | 0.0001** |