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Table 3 Association of gout and other risk factors with Incident Parkinson’s Disease, in multivariable-adjusted models, adjusted for demographic factors, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, the use of common cardiovascular disease and urate-lowering medications, and Charlson-Romano score as a score (model 1), categorical variable (model 2), or individual comorbidities (model 3)

From: Gout and the risk of Parkinson’s disease in older adults: a study of U.S. Medicare data

 

Multivariable-adjusted

(Model 1)

Multivariable-adjusted

(Model 2)

Multivariable-adjusted

(Model 3)

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

HR (95% CI)

P-value

Age (in years)

 65 - < 75

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 75 - < 85

1.87 (1.82, 1.93)

< 0.0001

1.86 (1.81, 1.92)

< 0.0001

1.76 (1.71, 1.81)

< 0.0001

  ≥ 85

2.01 (1.92, 2.09)

< 0.0001

2.02 (1.93, 2.10)

< 0.0001

1.73 (1.66, 1.81)

< 0.0001

Gender

 Male

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Female

0.67 (0.66, 0.69)

< 0.0001

0.67 (0.65, 0.69)

< 0.0001

0.64 (0.63, 0.66)

< 0.0001

Race

 White

Ref

 

Ref

 

Ref

 

 Black

0.68 (0.65, 0.72)

< 0.0001

0.70 (0.66, 0.74)

< 0.0001

0.67 (0.63, 0.71)

< 0.0001

 Other

0.88 (0.83, 0.93)

< 0.0001

0.90 (0.85, 0.96)

0.0004

0.87 (0.82, 0.92)

< 0.0001

Charlson-Romano score, per unit change

1.15 (1.14, 1.15)

< 0.0001

N/A

 

N/A

 

Gout

1.14 (1.07, 1.21)

< 0.0001

1.16 (1.09, 1.23)

< 0.0001

1.13 (1.07, 1.21)

< 0.0001

Charlson-Romano index score

 0

N/A

 

Ref

 

N/A

 

 1

  

1.69 (1.62, 1.76)

< 0.0001

  

 ≥ 2

  

2.03 (1.98, 2.09)

< 0.0001

  

Charlson-Romano comorbidities

 Myocardial Infarction

N/A

 

N/A

 

0.85 (0.80, 0.91)

< 0.0001

 Heart Failure

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.17 (1.12, 1.22)

< 0.0001

 Peripheral vascular disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.13 (1.08, 1.18)

< 0.0001

 Cerebrovascular disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.40 (1.34, 1.45)

< 0.0001

 Dementia

N/A

 

N/A

 

3.47 (3.31, 3.64)

< 0.0001

 Chronic pulmonary disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.10 (1.06, 1.14)

< 0.0001

 Connective tissue disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.13 (1.05, 1.22)

0.001

 Peptic ulcer disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.21 (1.11, 1.31)

< 0.0001

 Mild liver disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

0.91 (0.74, 1.12)

0.38

 Diabetes

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.18 (1.14, 1.22)

< 0.0001

 Diabetes with end organ damage

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.21 (1.14, 1.28)

< 0.0001

 Hemiplegia

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.20 (1.07, 1.36)

0.003

 Renal failure/disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.07 (1.00, 1.14)

0.06

 Any tumor, leukemia or lymphoma

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.12 (1.08, 1.17)

< 0.0001

 Moderate/severe liver disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.74 (1.21, 2.50)

0.003

 Metastatic cancer

N/A

 

N/A

 

0.97 (0.83, 1.14)

0.71

 AIDS

N/A

 

N/A

 

0.99 (0.44, 2.20)

0.98

Hypertension

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.24 (1.20, 1.28)

< 0.0001

Hyperlipidemia

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.03 (0.99, 1.06)

0.12

Coronary artery disease

N/A

 

N/A

 

1.18 (1.14, 1.23)

< 0.0001

  1. HR Hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, Ref referent category, N/A not applicable; Bold represents statistically significant hazard ratios
  2. Model 1 included Charlson-Romano score as a continuous variable, in addition to demographics, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, medications for cardiovascular diseases (statins, beta-blockers, diuretics, ACE-inhibitors) and for urate-lowering therapies for gout (allopurinol, febuxostat);
  3. Model 2 included categorized Charlson-Romano score, in addition to demographics, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, medications for cardiovascular diseases and for urate-lowering therapies for gout; and
  4. Model 3 included each of the 17 Charlson-Romano comorbidities in addition to demographics, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, medications for cardiovascular diseases and for urate-lowering therapies for gout