From: Gout and the risk of Parkinson’s disease in older adults: a study of U.S. Medicare data
Multivariable-adjusted (Model 1) | Multivariable-adjusted (Model 2) | Multivariable-adjusted (Model 3) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | HR (95% CI) | P-value | |
Age (in years) | ||||||
65 - < 75 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
75 - < 85 | 1.87 (1.82, 1.93) | < 0.0001 | 1.86 (1.81, 1.92) | < 0.0001 | 1.76 (1.71, 1.81) | < 0.0001 |
≥ 85 | 2.01 (1.92, 2.09) | < 0.0001 | 2.02 (1.93, 2.10) | < 0.0001 | 1.73 (1.66, 1.81) | < 0.0001 |
Gender | ||||||
Male | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Female | 0.67 (0.66, 0.69) | < 0.0001 | 0.67 (0.65, 0.69) | < 0.0001 | 0.64 (0.63, 0.66) | < 0.0001 |
Race | ||||||
White | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||
Black | 0.68 (0.65, 0.72) | < 0.0001 | 0.70 (0.66, 0.74) | < 0.0001 | 0.67 (0.63, 0.71) | < 0.0001 |
Other | 0.88 (0.83, 0.93) | < 0.0001 | 0.90 (0.85, 0.96) | 0.0004 | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | < 0.0001 |
Charlson-Romano score, per unit change | 1.15 (1.14, 1.15) | < 0.0001 | N/A | N/A | ||
Gout | 1.14 (1.07, 1.21) | < 0.0001 | 1.16 (1.09, 1.23) | < 0.0001 | 1.13 (1.07, 1.21) | < 0.0001 |
Charlson-Romano index score | ||||||
0 | N/A | Ref | N/A | |||
1 | 1.69 (1.62, 1.76) | < 0.0001 | ||||
≥ 2 | 2.03 (1.98, 2.09) | < 0.0001 | ||||
Charlson-Romano comorbidities | ||||||
Myocardial Infarction | N/A | N/A | 0.85 (0.80, 0.91) | < 0.0001 | ||
Heart Failure | N/A | N/A | 1.17 (1.12, 1.22) | < 0.0001 | ||
Peripheral vascular disease | N/A | N/A | 1.13 (1.08, 1.18) | < 0.0001 | ||
Cerebrovascular disease | N/A | N/A | 1.40 (1.34, 1.45) | < 0.0001 | ||
Dementia | N/A | N/A | 3.47 (3.31, 3.64) | < 0.0001 | ||
Chronic pulmonary disease | N/A | N/A | 1.10 (1.06, 1.14) | < 0.0001 | ||
Connective tissue disease | N/A | N/A | 1.13 (1.05, 1.22) | 0.001 | ||
Peptic ulcer disease | N/A | N/A | 1.21 (1.11, 1.31) | < 0.0001 | ||
Mild liver disease | N/A | N/A | 0.91 (0.74, 1.12) | 0.38 | ||
Diabetes | N/A | N/A | 1.18 (1.14, 1.22) | < 0.0001 | ||
Diabetes with end organ damage | N/A | N/A | 1.21 (1.14, 1.28) | < 0.0001 | ||
Hemiplegia | N/A | N/A | 1.20 (1.07, 1.36) | 0.003 | ||
Renal failure/disease | N/A | N/A | 1.07 (1.00, 1.14) | 0.06 | ||
Any tumor, leukemia or lymphoma | N/A | N/A | 1.12 (1.08, 1.17) | < 0.0001 | ||
Moderate/severe liver disease | N/A | N/A | 1.74 (1.21, 2.50) | 0.003 | ||
Metastatic cancer | N/A | N/A | 0.97 (0.83, 1.14) | 0.71 | ||
AIDS | N/A | N/A | 0.99 (0.44, 2.20) | 0.98 | ||
Hypertension | N/A | N/A | 1.24 (1.20, 1.28) | < 0.0001 | ||
Hyperlipidemia | N/A | N/A | 1.03 (0.99, 1.06) | 0.12 | ||
Coronary artery disease | N/A | N/A | 1.18 (1.14, 1.23) | < 0.0001 |