Table 1 Reported cases of MMV associated with GD with follow-up for over 4 months
Case | Age (years) | Sex | Angio or MRA | Presentation | Thyroid condition at vascular accident | Treatment (thyroid) | Treatment (cerebrovascular disease) | Thyroid condition during follow-up | Neuro imaging | Recurrence | Thyroid condition at recurrence | Outcome | Follow-up period (months) | Reference | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 29 | F | Bilateral distal ICA stenosis | TIA | Thyrotoxic | ATM/PE | Aspirin | Normal range | Improvement | none | − | Good | 6 | Yamashita | 7 | 2005 |
2 | 26 | F | Rt ICA stenosis | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATMATM | Antiplatelet therapy | Normal range | Improvement | none | - | Good | 12 | Nakamura | 8 | 2014 |
3 | 45 | F | Bilateral distal ICA occlusion | TIA | Thyrotoxic | PSL/radioactive iodine | Antiplatelet therapy | Normal range | Improvement | none | - | Good | 4 | Uftk | 9 | 2004 |
4 | 47 | F | Bilateral net-like vessels | TIA | Thyrotoxic | PSL/radioactive iodine | Aspirin | n.d. | n.d. | none | - | Good | 10 | BEATRIZ | 10 | 1997 |
5 | 37 | F | Bilateral distal ICA stenosis | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | PSL/ thyroidectomy | Antiplatelet therapy | Normal range | n.d. | none | - | Good | 6 | BEATRIZ | 10 | 1997 |
6 | 19 | F | Bilateral net-like vessels | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | n.d | STA-MCA bypass | n.d. | n.d. | none | - | Good | 24 | Ran | 11 | 2009 |
7 | 21 | M | Rt distal ICA stenosis | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM | Aspirin | Normal range | n.d. | none | - | Lt minor leg weakness | 11 | Carlos | 12 | 1998 |
8 | 46 | F | Right net-like vessels | Ischemic stroke | Hypothyroidism | none | STA-MCA bypass | Hypothyroidism | n.d. | none | - | Good | 24 | Ohba | 2 | 2011 |
9 | 23 | F | Bilateral distal ICA stenosis | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM | none | n.d. | No change | none | - | Good | 13 | Nakamura | 13 | 2003 |
10 | 54 | F | Bilateral distal ICA stenosis | Ischemic stroke | Subclinical thyrotoxic | ATM | none | n.d. | No change | none | - | Good | 6 | Nakamura | 13 | 2003 |
11 | 19 | F | Bilateral net-like vessels | Ischemic stroke | n.d (immediately after thyroidectomy) | Thyroidectomy | STA-MCA bypass | n.d. | n.d. | none | - | Good | 60 | Tokimura | 14 | 2010 |
12 | 35 | F | Rt distal ICA stenosis | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM/thyroidectomy | Cloidogrel | Normal range | No change | none | - | Good | 6 | Gon | 5 | 2017 |
13 | 19 | F | Bilateral net-like vessels | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM | none | Thyrotoxic | n.d. | none | - | Lt hemiparalysis | 60 | Kushima | 15 | 1991 |
14 | 26 | F | Bilateral net-like vessels (recurrence) | TIA | Thyrotoxic | ATM | none | n.d. | n.d. | Recurrence | Thyrotoxic | Rt hemiparalysis | 50 | Kushima | 15 | 1991 |
15 | 23 | F | Bilateral distal ICA occlusion | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM | Aspirin | Thyrotoxic | Progression | Recurrence (TIA) → EDAS | Thyrotoxic | Good | 22 | Shaneela | 1 | 2011 |
16 | 16 | F | Bilateral net-like vessels | TIA | Thyrotoxic | ATM | n.d | Thyrotoxic | Progression | Recurrence (Ischemic stroke)→ STA-MCA bypass | Thyrotoxic | n.d. | 72 | Im | 16 | 2005 |
17 | 22 | F | Rt MCA occlusion | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM | Heparin edaravone in acute phase | Thyrotoxic | Progression | none | - | Lt hemiparalysis | 36 | Ishigami | 17 | 2014 |
18 | 42 | F | Bilateral net-like vessels | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM (poor compliance) | EDAS | n.d. | n.d. | Recurrence | Thyrotoxic | Death | 12 | Ku | 18 | 2015 |
19 | 15 | F | Bilateral distal ICA stenosis | Non-automatic movement | Thyrotoxic | ATM | n.d | n.d. | Progression | Recurrence | Thyrotoxic | n.d | 72 | Ni | 19 | 2014 |
20 | 37 | F | No obvious stenosis | Ischemic stroke | Thyrotoxic | ATM (potassium iodine) | Warfarin | Thyrotoxic | Progression | Recurrence (TIA) | Thyrotoxic | Rt mild hemiparalysis | 5 | Our case | 2017 | |