Patient characteristics | Total N = 189,415 | Bipolar disorder N = 66,723 | Depressive disorder N = 68,573 | Schizophrenia N = 54,119 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||
 Age (years) | 42.8 + 13.8 | 39.6 + 13.0 | 43.9 + 13.8 | 45.4 ± 13.9 |
 Male, % (n) | 38.1% (72,187) | 32.6% (21,749) | 28.7% (19,662) | 56.9% (30,776) |
 HMO Plan, % (n) | 20.3% (38,494) | 21.2% (14,133) | 20.8% (14,227) | 18.7% (10,134) |
 State | ||||
  Iowa | 8.1% (15,390) | 10.8% (7,226) | 7.8% (5,366) | 5.2% (2,798) |
  Kansas | 8.3% (15,698) | 8.8% (5,851) | 8.0% (5,469) | 8.1% (4,378) |
  Mississippi | 8.9% (16,756) | 7.1% (4,741) | 9.5% (6,539) | 10.1% (5,476) |
  Missouri | 38.7% (73,293) | 38.9% (25,924) | 43.3% (29,694) | 32.7% (17,675) |
  New Jersey | 21.5% (40,667) | 19.1% (12,737) | 18.5% (12,659) | 28.2% (15,271) |
  Wisconsin | 14.6% (27,611) | 15.4% (10,244) | 12.9% (8,846) | 15.7% (8,521) |
Observed disease duration (months) | 7.8 ± 13.0 | 7.6 ± 12.8 | 9.2 ± 13.6 | 6.2 ± 12.2 |
Duration of follow-up (months) | 38.6 ± 24.6 | 37.4 ± 23.8 | 32.6 ± 23.5 | 47.8 ± 24.2 |
Index AP use | ||||
 First generation | 10.4% (19,673) | 7.4% (4,958) | 10.6% (7,239) | 13.8% (7,476) |
 Multiple | 2.0% (3,849) | 1.2% (818) | 0.7% (448) | 4.8% (2,583) |
 Second generation | 87.6% (165,893) | 91.3% (60,947) | 88.8% (60,886) | 81.4% (44,060) |
 Chlorpromazine equivalent daily dose (100 mg/day) | 2.2 ± 2.1 | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 1.6 ± 1.6 | 3.1 ± 2.4 |
Psychiatric comorbidities | ||||
 Substance-related and addictive disorders | 23.8% (45,014) | 27.1% (18,090) | 26.2% (17,944) | 16.6% (8,980) |
 Anxiety disorders | 21.9% (41,438) | 23.0% (15,322) | 31.5% (21,603) | 8.3% (4,513) |
 Autism | 0.6% (1,149) | 0.9% (614) | 0.4% (258) | 0.5% (277) |
 Bipolar and related disorders | 32.6% (61,715) | 77.9% (51,959) | 9.8% (6,743) | 5.6% (3,013) |
 Depressive disorders | 45.2% (85,537) | 24.3% (16,195) | 90.2% (61,862) | 13.8% (7,480) |
 Personality disorders | 4.0% (7,526) | 4.6% (3,045) | 4.6% (3,168) | 2.4% (1,313) |
 Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (excluding schizophrenia | 8.2% (15,550) | 6.1% (4,094) | 6.6% (4,511) | 12.8% (6,945) |
 Sleep-wake disorders | 8.5% (16,024) | 8.8% (5,838) | 11.4% (7,845) | 4.3% (2,341) |
 Trauma- and stress- or related disorders | 10.0% (19,004) | 10.8% (7,178) | 14.4% (9,883) | 3.6% (1,943) |
Other comorbidities | ||||
 CCI | 0.6 ± 1.2 | 0.5 ± 1.1 | 0.7 ± 1.4 | 0.4 ± 1.0 |
 Alcohol history | 7.7% (14,592) | 8.2% (5,461) | 8.7% (5,958) | 5.9% (3,173) |
 Brain damage | 1.0% (1,790) | 0.8% (563) | 1.3% (885) | 0.6% (342) |
 Dementia | 1.6% (3,080) | 0.9% (624) | 2.0% (1,392) | 2.0% (1,064) |
 Diabetes | 14.0% (26,600) | 11.6% (7,767) | 16.4% (11,215) | 14.1% (7,618) |
 Down’s Syndrome | 0.1% (200) | 0.1% (67) | 0.1% (84) | 0.1% (49) |
 Dyslexia and other scholastic disorders | 0.1% (254) | 0.1% (68) | 0.2% (123) | 0.1% (63) |
 Smoking history | 13.7% (25,927) | 16.2% (10,793) | 15.1% (10,337) | 8.9% (4,797) |
 Traumatic brain injury | 0.4% (673) | 0.3% (207) | 0.5% (317) | 0.3% (149) |
Extrapyramidal symptoms | ||||
 Akathisia | 0.1% (248) | 0.1% (94) | 0.1% (90) | 0.1% (64) |
 Bradykinesia | 3.3% (6,251) | 3.0% (1,973) | 4.2% (2,908) | 2.5% (1,370) |
 Dystonia | 0.1% (167) | 0.1% (60) | 0.1% (34) | 0.1% (73) |
 EPS (unspecified) | 0.8% (1,430) | 0.8% (559) | 0.9% (636) | 0.4% (235) |
 Myoclonus | 0.1% (120) | 0.1% (37) | 0.1% (64) | 0.04% (19) |
 Malignant neuroleptic syndrome | 0.02% (46) | 0.02% (13) | 0.01% (4) | 0.1% (29) |
 Parkinsonism | 0.1% (141) | 0.1% (34) | 0.1% (31) | 0.1% (76) |
 Drug-induced tics | 0.0% (7) | 0.0% (3) | 0.01% (4) | 0.0% (0) |
 Tremors | 0.3% (490) | 0.3% (183) | 0.3% (222) | 0.2% (85) |
 History of EPS | 4.3% (8,063) | 4.0% (2,663) | 5.4% (3,668) | 3.2% (1,732) |
 Number of EPS | 0.1 ± 0.2 | 0.04 ± 0.23 | 0.1 ± 0.3 | 0.04 ± 0.21 |