Fig. 1

Panels a and b display HOMA-IR in the control group (n = 560), in all IS patients (n = 441), and in the IS subtypes large vessel disease (n = 40), small vessel disease (n = 91), cardioembolic stroke (n = 75), cryptogenic stroke (n = 123), arterial dissection (n = 28), other causes (n = 13), more than one cause (n = 17), and cursory evaluation (n = 54). Panel a) HOMA-IR in the acute phase and Panel B) HOMA-IR after 3 months. Panels c and d display HOMA-IR according to stroke severity (NIHSS score > 5.90 = severe, NIHSS 1.61–5.90 = intermediate and NIHSS ≤1.60 mild IS). Panel c) HOMA-IR in the acute phase and d) HOMA-IR after 3 months. Values in the box plots are given as medians (horizontal lines), 25th–75th percentiles (boxes), and 10th–90th percentiles (whiskers). The statistical analyses were performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test for multiple groups followed by the Mann-Whitney U-test for pairwise comparisons. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 compared to controls