Table 2 Comparison of Parkinson’s disease characteristics between coffee drinkers and non-coffee drinkers
From: Gender-dependent effect of coffee consumption on tremor severity in de novo Parkinson’s disease
Coffee drinker (n = 204) | Non-coffee drinker (n = 80) | p-value | Adjusted p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographic | ||||
Age (years) | 64.57 ± 9.83 | 68.79 ± 8.24 | 0.001 | |
Sex (female:male) | 84:120 | 53:27 | < 0.001 | |
Age at symptom onset (years) | 62.84 ± 10.00 | 67.00 ± 8.15 | 0.001 | |
Disease duration (months) | 21.08 ± 24.23 | 22.04 ± 22.65 | NS | |
Formal education (years) | 8.54 ± 5.30 | 5.77 ± 4.28 | < 0.001 | |
Motor and ADL | ||||
Modified H-Y stage | 1.75 ± 0.80 | 1.89 ± 0.84 | NS | |
UPDRS motor score | 19.46 ± 9.97 | 22.84 ± 12.04 | 0.020 | NS* |
UPDRS ADL score | 7.02 ± 5.24 | 8.22 ± 6.60 | NS | |
Motor scores on UPDRS | ||||
Tremor | 2.48 ± 2.17 | 3.64 ± 2.90 | 0.002 | < 0.001*† |
Rest tremor (Item 20) | 1.49 ± 1.67 | 2.41 ± 2.23 | 0.001 | 0.001*† |
Action tremor (Item 21) | 0.99 ± 1.25 | 1.23 ± 1.45 | NS | NS* |
Bradykinesia | 8.93 ± 5.36 | 10.83 ± 6.28 | 0.022 | NS* |
Rigidity | 4.60 ± 2.83 | 4.92 ± 2.99 | NS | |
Gait and Posture | 0.78 ± 1.19 | 1.16 ± 1.27 | 0.022 | NS* |
Motor scores on subtypes | ||||
Tremor score (Jankovic) | 0.44 ± 0.32 | 0.61 ± 0.41 | 0.001 | < 0.001*† |
PIGD score (Jankovic) | 0.41 ± 0.47 | 0.47 ± 0.52 | NS | |
Tremor score (Kang) | 0.62 ± 0.54 | 0.91 ± 0.72 | 0.002 | < 0.001*† |
Akinetic-Rigid score (Kang) | 0.90 ± 0.51 | 1.05 ± 0.59 | NS | |
Non-motor symptoms | ||||
MMSE | 25.88 ± 3.71 | 24.38 ± 4.00 | 0.005 | NS** |
MoCA | 23.99 ± 4.63 | 22.31 ± 5.04 | NS | |
BDI | 11.32 ± 8.35 | 15.47 ± 11.51 | 0.005 | NS** |
Total NMSS score | 48.80 ± 46.12 | 65.72 ± 46.24 | 0.007 | NS** |