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Table 5 Comparisons of demographic and clinical characteristics among Parkinson’s disease patients categorized by coffee drinking status between genders (Non-coffee drinker, Coffee drinker - 1 cup a day, Coffee drinker - more than 1 cup a day [median = 1])

From: Gender-dependent effect of coffee consumption on tremor severity in de novo Parkinson’s disease

 

Male

Female

Non-coffee drinker

(n = 27)

Coffee drinker 1 cup

(n = 51)

Coffee drinker more than 1 cup

(n = 69)

p-value

p for trend

Adjusted p-value

Non-coffee drinker

(n = 53)

Coffee drinker 1 cup

(n = 48)

Coffee drinker more than 1 cup

(n = 36)

p-value

p for trend

Adjusted p-value

Demographic

 Age (years)

72.04 ± 6.00

67.29 ± 9.08

62.03 ± 10.26

< 0.001

< 0.001

 

67.62 ± 8.68

65.69 ± 8.89

63.47 ± 10.22

NS

0.038

 

 Age at symptom onset (years)

69.68 ± 6.17

65.72 ± 8.78

60.17 ± 10.54

< 0.001

< 0.001

 

65.69 ± 8.51

63.94 ± 9.11

62.01 ± 10.63

NS

0.070

 

 Disease duration (months)

28.30 ± 42.08

18.98 ± 20.12

22.69 ± 30.81

NS

NS

 

23.79 ± 25.26

21.98 ± 18.13

17.61 ± 17.65

NS

NS

 

 Formal education (years)

8.11 ± 4.88

9.78 ± 5.27

10.31 ± 5.14

NS

NS

 

4.73 ± 3.85

6.61 ± 3.89

5.93 ± 5.23

NS

NS

 

Motor and ADL

 Modified H-Y stage

1.93 ± 0.79

1.94 ± 0.73

1.64 ± 0.72

NS

NS

 

1.84 ± 0.86

1.70 ± 0.70

1.71 ± 0.98

NS

NS

 

 UPDRS motor score

23.18 ± 11.71

22.28 ± 9.12

17.78 ± 7.60

0.007

0.010

NS*

22.40 ± 12.27

19.50 ± 10.47

17.80 ± 12.08

NS

NS

 

 UPDRS ADL score

8.67 ± 5.86

7.63 ± 5.77

6.81 ± 4.88

NS

NS

 

8.21 ± 6.72

6.27 ± 4.82

6.72 ± 5.64

NS

NS

 

Motor scores on UPDRS

 Tremor

4.15 ± 3.36

2.55 ± 2.82

2.49 ± 2.14

0.017

0.006

0.014*†

3.26 ± 2.57

2.58 ± 1.75

2.25 ± 1.70

NS

0.026

NS*

 Rest tremor (Item 20)

2.84 ± 2.66

1.62 ± 1.47

1.39 ± 1.92

0.006

0.001

0.016*†

2.20 ± 1.98

1.95 ± 1.40

1.45 ± 1.41

NS

0.017

NS*

 Action tremor (Item 21)

1.44 ± 1.58

1.46 ± 1.50

0.98 ± 1.21

NS

NS

 

1.12 ± 1.38

1.10 ± 1.26

0.79 ± 1.18

NS

NS

 

 Bradykinesia

10.26 ± 5.85

8.96 ± 5.10

8.45 ± 3.99

NS

NS

 

11.00 ± 6.65

9.49 ± 6.03

8.97 ± 6.73

NS

NS

 

 Rigidity

4.81 ± 3.27

5.42 ± 3.10

4.25 ± 2.26

NS

NS

 

4.91 ± 2.99

4.63 ± 2.68

4.11 ± 3.21

NS

NS

 

 Gait and Posture

1.15 ± 0.99

0.88 ± 1.13

0.54 ± 0.90

0.018

0.008

NS*

1.21 ± 1.45

0.85 ± 1.13

0.92 ± 1.63

NS

NS

 

Motor scores on subtypes

 Tremor score (Jankovic)

0.66 ± 0.46

0.46 ± 0.41

0.44 ± 0.30

0.032

0.011

0.027*

0.57 ± 0.38

0.44 ± 0.28

0.41 ± 0.25

0.035

0.020

NS*

 PIGD score (Jankovic)

0.42 ± 0.47

0.44 ± 0.52

0.34 ± 0.40

NS

NS

 

0.49 ± 0.55

0.43 ± 0.43

0.48 ± 0.56

NS

NS

 

 Tremor score (Kang)

1.04 ± 0.84

0.64 ± 0.71

0.63 ± 0.53

0.017

0.006

0.014*†

0.82 ± 0.64

0.65 ± 0.44

0.56 ± 0.42

NS

0.026

NS*

 Akinetic-Rigid score (Kang)

1.00 ± 0.57

0.96 ± 0.51

0.85 ± 0.37

NS

NS

 

1.06 ± 0.61

0.94 ± 0.54

0.87 ± 0.64

NS

0.147

 

Non-motor symptoms

 MMSE

25.80 ± 3.14

25.88 ± 3.80

26.76 ± 3.20

NS

NS

 

23.78 ± 4.16

25.12 ± 3.32

25.24 ± 4.69

NS

NS

 

 MoCA

23.22 ± 4.22

23.34 ± 4.68

24.82 ± 3.44

NS

NS

 

21.58 ± 5.57

22.26 ± 5.59

25.62 ± 4.07

0.016

0.009

NS**

 BDI

10.82 ± 8.83

10.80 ± 7.65

10.23 ± 8.22

NS

NS

 

17.45 ± 11.84

12.56 ± 8.14

12.47 ± 9.88

0.024

0.025

NS**

 Total NMSS score

57.41 ± 39.26

53.61 ± 58.40

51.97 ± 46.36

NS

NS

 

66.08 ± 49.24

42.56 ± 31.05

47.61 ± 45.45

0.017

0.047

0.044**

  1. NS, statistically not significant
  2. * Adjusted p-values were calculated by ANCOVA after adjustment for age, age at symptoms onset, formal education period, MMSE, MoCA, and BDI
  3. ** Adjusted p-values were calculated by ANCOVA after adjustment for age, age at symptom onset, formal education period, and UPDRS motor score
  4. † Means statistically significant after correcting for multiple testing using the false discovery rate
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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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