Remote ischemic conditioning improves cognition in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia

Liao, Zhangyuan; Bu, Yali; Li, Meijie; Han, Ranran; Zhang, Nan; Hao, Junwei; Jiang, Wei

doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1435-y

BMC Neurology

Table 1 Baseline Characteristics of Participants by Treatment Group

From: Remote ischemic conditioning improves cognition in patients with subcortical ischemic vascular dementia

Characteristic	Treatment Group(n = 18)	Control Group(n = 19)	p
Age, mean (SD),y	67.6 (7.2)	70.6 (7.4)	0.216^a
Female, n(%)	6 (33.3)	9 (47.4)	0.508^b
Education, n(%),y			1.000^b
≤5	1 (5.6)	2 (10.5)
〉5	17 (94.4)	17 (89.5)
Medical history, n(%)
Hypertension	16 (88.9)	16 (84.2)	1.000^b
Hyperlipidemia	5 (27.8)	5 (26.3)	1.000^b
Diabetes mellitus	6 (33.3)	9 (47.4)	0.508^b
Concomitant drugs, n(%)
Antihypertensive agents	14 (77.8)	15 (78.9)	0.471^b
Aspirin	11 (61.1)	10 (52.6)	0.527^b
Lipid-reducing agents	5 (27.8)	5 (26.3)	0.651^b
Hypoglycemic agents	6 (33.3)	8 (42.1)	0.621^b
Psychometric scores, mean (SD)
HAMD	5.06 ± 2.41	5.61 ± 3.76	0.913^c
MMSE	23.44 ± 3.31	22.82 ± 3.99	0.883^c
MOCA	18.28 ± 3.89	18.47 ± 4.78	0.807^c
CDR	1.11 ± 0.58	1.27 ± 0.56	0.443^c
HVLT1	12.56 ± 4.15	13.05 ± 5.33	0.869^c
HVLT2	2.72 ± 2.61	2.53 ± 2.80	0.822^c
HVLT3	6.22 ± 2.21	6.05 ± 2.44	0.845^c
COWAT	5.11 ± 3.34	5.00 ± 3.32	0.852^c
TMT-A	125.83 ± 69.54	147.47 ± 101.80	0.518^c
TMT-B	262.83 ± 122.24	252.79 ± 118.28	0.916^c
SDMT	19.67 ± 9.32	23.61 ± 15.34	0.542^c
JLO	17.94 ± 7.60	17.50 ± 5.76	0.650^c
ADL	25.33 ± 2.61	25.11 ± 2.18	0.799^c
NPI	2.06 ± 1.11	1.74 ± 1.05	0.425^c
Hs-CRP (mg/dL)	2.38 ± 2.87	1.63 ± 1.71	0.513 ^a
IL-6 (pg/mL)	16.26 ± 7.05	16.25 ± 4.99	0.995^a
TNF-α (pg/mL)	5.64 ± 1.12	5.54 ± 0.83	0.751^a
Homocysteine	15.9 ± 6.34	15.6 ± 5.62	0.870 ^a
Triglyceride (mmol/L)	1.89 ± 0.69	1.75 ± 0.44	0.487^a
Cholesterol (mmol/L)	4.90 ± 1.12	4.52 ± 1.12	0.320^a
LDL (mmol/L)	3.01 ± 0.87	2.63 ± 0.78	0.160^a
HDL (mmol/L)	1.11 ± 0.29	1.29 ± 0.29	0.063^a
WMLV (cm³)	84.00 ± 53.82	71.26 ± 28.03	0.663 ^a
WBWM
FA	0.30 ± 0.02	0.31 ± 0.02	0.28 ^a
MD(×10⁻⁴)	9.5 ± 0.79	8.9 ± 0.33	0.22 ^a
NAWM
FA	0.30 ± 0.02	0.31 ± 0.17	0.315 ^a
MD(×10⁻⁴)	8.9 ± 0.73	8.5 ± 0.37	0.389 ^a

Abbreviations: ADL Activities of daily living, CDR Clinical Dementia Rating, COWAT Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the outcome was the sum of correct words in the both parts, FA fractional anisotropy, HAMD Hamilton Depression Scale, hs-CRP high-sensitive C-reactive protein, HVLT1 immediate memory of Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised (HVLT-R), HVLT2 delayed memory of HVLT-R, HVLT3, recognition test of HVLT-R, HDL high density lipoprotein, IL-6 interleukin 6, JLO Judgment of Line Orientation, LDL low density lipoprotein, MD mean diffusivity, MMSE Mini-Mental State Examination, MOCA Montreal Cognitive Assessment, NAWM normal-appearing white matter, NPI Neuropsychiatric Inventory, SDMT Symbol Digit Modalities Test, TMT-A Trail Making Test A, TMT-B Trail Making Test B, TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, WBWM whole-brain white matter, WMLV white matter lesion volume
^aIndependent t-test
^bChi-square test or Fisher exact test
^c The Mann-Whitney U test

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