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Table 2 Adjusted Average Differences in Later Life Neuropsychological Test Performance Associated with Mid-Life 25(OH) D Concentrations: the ARIC Study a

From: Mid-life serum Vitamin D concentrations were associated with incident dementia but not late-life neuropsychological performance in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Neuropsychological outcomes

25(OH) D (ng/mL)

p-trend

Per 1 SD decrement in 25(OH) D b

≥30 (Sufficient)

20- < 30 (Intermediate)

< 20 (Deficient)

N

3046

5759

4234

 

13,039

Memory

 Delayed word recall test c

  Model 1 d

0 (reference)

−0.11 (− 0.22, − 0.01)

− 0.06 (− 0.18, 0.07)

0.41

−0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03)

  Model 2 e

0 (reference)

−0.10 (− 0.20, 0.01)

−0.04 (− 0.17, 0.08)

0.58

− 0.01 (− 0.05, 0.04)

  Model 3 f

0 (reference)

− 0.10 (− 0.21, 0.003)

−0.06 (− 0.19, 0.07)

0.42

−0.01 (− 0.06, 0.03)

Logical memory I c

 Model 1 d

0 (reference)

−0.21 (− 0.61, 0.19)

−0.18 (− 0.67, 0.32)

0.51

−0.05 (− 0.24, 0.14)

 Model 2 e

0 (reference)

−0.22 (− 0.62, 0.18)

−0.19 (− 0.68, 0.31)

0.48

−0.06 (− 0.25, 0.13)

 Model 3 f

0 (reference)

−0.25 (− 0.65, 0.15)

−0.27 (− 0.76, 0.22)

0.29

−0.09 (− 0.28, 0.10)

Logical memory II c

 Model 1 d

0 (reference)

−0.18 (− 0.56, 0.20)

−0.21 (− 0.75, 0.33)

0.45

−0.04 (− 0.23, 0.16)

 Model 2 e

0 (reference)

−0.18 (− 0.57, 0.20)

−0.19 (− 0.73, 0.34)

0.49

− 0.03 (− 0.23, 0.17)

 Model 3 f

0 (reference)

−0.20 (− 0.58, 0.19)

−0.24 (− 0.76, 0.29)

0.38

−0.05 (− 0.25, 0.15)

Incidental learning symbol c

 Model 1 d

0 (reference)

−0.02 (− 0.11, 0.07)

0.08 (− 0.03, 0.20)

0.14

0.04 (− 0.01, 0.08)

 Model 2 e

0 (reference)

− 0.01 (− 0.10, 0.08)

0.10 (− 0.02, 0.22)

0.08

0.04 (− 0.001, 0.09)

 Model 3 f

0 (reference)

− 0.02 (− 0.11, 0.07)

0.07 (− 0.04, 0.19)

0.20

0.03 (− 0.01, 0.07)

Language and Verbal Fluency

 Word fluency c

  Model 1 d

0 (reference)

−0.32 (− 0.93, 0.28)

0.29 (− 0.47, 1.05)

0.40

0.17 (− 0.13, 0.46)

  Model 2 e

0 (reference)

−0.21 (− 0.82, 0.40)

0.50 (− 0.26, 1.27)

0.17

0.25 (− 0.05, 0.55)

  Model 3 f

0 (reference)

− 0.21 (− 0.83, 0.41)

0.48 (− 0.31, 1.26)

0.20

0.24 (− 0.08, 0.55)

Animal naming c

 Model 1 d

0 (reference)

−0.14 (− 0.39, 0.12)

−0.07 (− 0.42, 0.28)

0.72

0.001 (− 0.13, 0.14)

 Model 2 e

0 (reference)

−0.09 (− 0.35, 0.17)

0.03 (− 0.33, 0.38)

0.84

0.04 (− 0.10, 0.18)

 Model 3 f

0 (reference)

− 0.10 (− 0.36, 0.16)

0.01 (− 0.34, 0.35)

0.94

0.03 (− 0.10, 0.16)

Boston naming test score c

 Model 1 d

0 (reference)

−0.11 (− 0.38, 0.15)

0.05 (− 0.26, 0.37)

0.70

0.04 (− 0.08, 0.16)

 Model 2 e

0 (reference)

− 0.11 (− 0.38, 0.15)

0.07 (− 0.25, 0.38)

0.62

0.05 (− 0.07, 0.16)

 Model 3 f

0 (reference)

−0.09 (− 0.35, 0.17)

0.12 (− 0.19, 0.44)

0.39

0.07 (− 0.05, 0.19)

  1. a Results are presented as beta-coefficients (95% CI) derived from multivariable linear regression models. Sufficient 25(OH) D ≥ 30 ng/mL was the reference for the intermediate and deficient 25(OH) D categories. Data in bold text are statistically significant, P < .05
  2. b SD 25(OH) D = 8.4 ng/mL; To covert 25(OH) D from ng/mL to nmol/L, multiply by 2.496
  3. c A higher value indicates a more favorable performance/measure
  4. d Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/center, educational, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and APOE ε4 genotype
  5. e Model 2: Model 1 plus systolic blood pressure, use of hypertension medication, total and HDL cholesterol, use of cholesterol medications, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate
  6. f Model 3: Model 2 plus serum parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations
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BMC Neurology

ISSN: 1471-2377

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