Mid-life serum Vitamin D concentrations were associated with incident dementia but not late-life neuropsychological performance in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Fashanu, Oluwaseun E.; Zhao, Di; Schneider, Andrea L. C.; Rawlings, Andreea M.; Sharrett, A. Richey; Lutsey, Pamela L.; Gottesman, Rebecca F.; Gross, Alden L.; Guallar, Eliseo; Alonso, Alvaro; Mosley, Thomas H.; Michos, Erin D.

doi:10.1186/s12883-019-1483-3

Table 3 Adjusted Average Differences in Later Life Neuropsychological Test Performance Associated with Mid-Life 25(OH) D Concentrations: the ARIC Study ^a

From: Mid-life serum Vitamin D concentrations were associated with incident dementia but not late-life neuropsychological performance in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study

Neuropsychological outcomes	25(OH) D (ng/mL)			p-trend	Per 1 SD decrement in 25(OH) D ^b
Neuropsychological outcomes	≥30 (Sufficient)	20- < 30 (Intermediate)	< 20 (Deficient)	p-trend	Per 1 SD decrement in 25(OH) D ^b
N	3046	5759	4234		13,039
Processing Speed and Executive Function
Trail A ^c
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	0.69 (− 0.88, 2.26)	− 0.97 (− 3.01, 1.07)	0.31	− 0.57 (− 1.40, 0.26)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	0.58 (− 1.00, 2.16)	− 1.30 (− 3.33, 0.73)	0.17	− 0.69 (− 1.52, 0.13)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	0.64 (− 0.92, 2.21)	−1.09 (− 3.08, 0.89)	0.24	− 0.60 (− 1.42, 0.22)
Trail B ^c
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	− 0.19 (− 3.34, 2.96)	−3.12 (− 6.92, 0.67)	0.09	−1.63 (− 3.11, − 0.16)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	− 0.68 (− 3.87, 2.52)	−4.00 (− 7.83, − 0.17)	0.04	−1.98 (− 3.49, − 0.46)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	− 0.29 (− 3.43, 2.85)	−2.94 (− 6.69, 0.80)	0.11	−1.55 (− 3.03, − 0.07)
Digit symbol substitution ^d
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	− 0.38 (− 0.88, 0.12)	0.23 (− 0.37, 0.84)	0.38	0.15 (− 0.09, 0.39)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	− 0.25 (− 0.75, 0.25)	0.47 (− 0.13, 1.08)	0.10	0.25 (0.01, 0.49)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	− 0.27 (− 0.77, 0.23)	0.39 (− 0.22, 1.00)	0.17	0.21 (− 0.03, 0.45)
Digit span backwards ^d
Model 1 ^e	0 (reference)	0.03 (− 0.08, 0.13)	0.09 (− 0.03, 0.21)	0.13	0.05 (0.01, 0.09)
Model 2 ^f	0 (reference)	0.04 (− 0.07, 0.14)	0.10 (− 0.02, 0.22)	0.09	0.05 (0.01, 0.09)
Model 3 ^g	0 (reference)	0.03 (− 0.08, 0.14)	0.10 (− 0.02, 0.22)	0.11	0.05 (0.01, 0.09)

^a Results are presented as beta-coefficients (95% CI) derived from multivariable linear regression models. Sufficient 25(OH) D ≥ 30 ng/mL was the reference for the intermediate and deficient 25(OH) D categories. Data in bold text are statistically significant, P < .05
^b SD 25(OH) D = 8.4 ng/mL; To covert 25(OH) D from ng/mL to nmol/L, multiply by 2.496
^cFor Trail A and Trail B: a lower value indicates a more favorable performance/measure
^d For digit symbol substitution and digit span backwards: a higher value indicates a more favorable performance/measure
^e Model 1: adjusted for age, sex, race/center, educational, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and APOE ε4 genotype
^f Model 2: Model 1 plus systolic blood pressure, use of hypertension medication, total and HDL cholesterol, use of cholesterol medications, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and estimated glomerular filtration rate
^g Model 3: Model 2 plus serum parathyroid hormone, calcium, and phosphorus concentrations

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