From: Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: an updated meta-analysis
Author, Publication year& country | Study Type | Sex | Age (Mean) | No.Patients (totle) | Follow-up duration (year) | 25(OH)D (ng/ml) | OR | 95% CI | Quality score | Vitamin D assessment method | Adjustment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karakis, 2016, US | Prospective cohort | W/M | 72.4 | 1663 | 9 | < 10 | 0.97 | 0.47–2.00 | 8 | Competitive protein-binding assay and radioimmunoassay | Age, gender, smoking, HTN, DM, prevalent CVD, homocysteine, BMI, and vitamin D supplement use. |
Afzal, 2014, Denmark | Prospective cohort | W/M | 58.0 | 4087 | 21 | < 10 10–20 | 1.25 1.12 | 0.95–1.64 0.90–1.40 | 9 | Not report | Age, sex, month of blood sample, smoking status, body mass index, leisure time and work-related physical activity, alcohol consumption, income level, education, baseline diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and creatinine |
Littlejohns 2014, US | Prospective Cohort | W/M | 73.6 | 1547 | 5.6 | < 10 10–20 | 2.22 1.69 | 1.02–4.83 1.06–2.69 | 8 | Liquid chromatography tandemmass spectrometry (LC-MS) | Age, season of vitamin D collection, education, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptoms |
Feart, 2017, France | Prospective cohort | W/M | 73.3 | 916 | 11.4 | < 10 10–20 | 2.21 1.65 | 1.28–3.80 0.98–2.77 | 8 | One-step immunoassay | Gender, education, income, depressive symptomatology, number of drugs per day, apolipoprotein E e4 allele, BMI, practice of physical exercise, DM, history of CVD and stroke, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, smoking status, and Mediterranean diet score |
Buell, 2010, US | Cross-sectional | W/M | 73.5 | 318 | < 20 | 2.65 | 0.99–7.16 | 7 | Radioimmunoassay (DiaSorin, Inc.,Stillwater, MN, USA) on fasting blood sample | Age, race, sex, body mass index, and education, kidney function, multivitamin use, season, diabetes, hypertension, plasma homocysteine, and ApoE allele status | |
Licher, 2017, Netherlands | Prospective cohort | W/M | 69.2 | 6087 | 13.3 | < 20 | 1.10 | 1.00–1.19 | 9 | Electrochemilumin-escence binding assay | Age, sex, season of blood collection, BMI, SBP, DBP, educational level, smoking, alcohol use, calcium serum levels, ethnicity, eGFR, TC, HDL, history of DM, HF, stroke, MI, depressive symptoms, outdoor activity, and APOE −4 carrier status. |