Table 2 Summary characteristics of studies included in the analysis of vitamin D deficiency and risk of dementia
From: Vitamin D deficiency as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease: an updated meta-analysis
Author& Publication year | Study Type | Sex | Age (Mean) | No.Patients (totle) | Follow-up duration (year) | 25(OH)D (ng/m) | OR | 95% CI | Quality score | Vitamin D assessment method | Adjustment |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Karakis, 2016, US | Prospective cohort | W/M | 72.4 | 1663 | 9 | < 10 | 1.06 | 0.57–1.98 | 8 | Competitive protein-binding assay and radioimmunoassay | Age, gender, smoking, HTN, DM, prevalent CVD, homocysteine, BMI, and vitamin D supplement use. |
Knekt, 2014, Finland | Prospective cohort | W/M | 56.4 | 5010 | 17 | < 10 | 1.74 | 0.64–3.01 | 8 | Radioimmunoassay | Age, month of blood drawn, education, marital status, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, BMI, BP, FPG, serum TG, and serum TC. |
Licher, 2017, Netherlands | Prospective cohort | W/M | 69.2 | 6087 | 13.3 | < 10 10–20 | 1.22 1.06 | 0.97–1.52 0.90–1.26 | 9 | Electrochemiluminescence binding assay | Age, sex, season of blood collection, BMI, SBP, DBP, educational level, smoking, alcohol use, calcium serum levels, ethnicity, eGFR, TC, HDL, history of DM, HF, stroke, MI, depressive symptoms, outdoor activity, and APOE-4 carrier status. |
Schneider, 2014, US | Prospective cohort | W/M | 62.0 | 1652 | 16.6 | < 10 10–20 | 1.53 1.22 | 0.84–2.79 0.68–2.19 | 8 | Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry | Age, sex, education, income, physical activity, smoking, alcohol use, BMI, WC, and vitamin D supplementation. |
Feart,2017, France | Prospective cohort | W/M | 73.3 | 916 | 11.4 | < 10 ng/ml 10–20 | 2.96 | 1.43–6.11 | 8 | One-step immunoassay | Gender, education, income, |
ng/ml | 2.29 | 1.14–4.58 | depressive symptomatology, number of drugs per day, apolipoprotein E e4 allele, BMI, practice of physical exercise, DM, history of CVD and stroke, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, smoking status, and Mediterranean diet score | ||||||||
Olsson, 2017, Sweden | Prospective Cohort | M | 71.0 | 1182 | 12 | < 10 10–20 | 1.22 1.06 | 0.97–1.52 0.90–1.26 | 8 | HPLC atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry | Age, season of blood collection, BMI, education, physical activity, smoking, DM, HTN, hypercholesterolemia, use of vitamin D supplements, and alcohol intake. |
Littlejohns, 2014,US | Prospective Cohort | W/M | 73.6 | 1615 | 5.6 | < 10 10–20 | 2.25 1.53 | 1.23–4.13 1.06–2.21 | 9 | Liquid chromatography tandemmass spectrometry (LC-MS) | Age, season of vitamin D collection, education, sex, BMI, smoking, alcohol consumption, and depressive symptoms |
Annweiler, 2011, France | Cross-sectional | W/M | 86.0 | 288 | Not report | < 10 | 2.57 | 1.05–6.27 | 7 | Radioimmunoassay (DiaSorin, Inc.,Stillwat er, MN,USA) on fastingblood sample | Fully adjusted but without detailed information |
Nagel, 2015, Germany | Cross-sectional | M/W | 75.6 | 1373 | Not report | < 20 | 1.08 | 1.06–2.21 | 8 | ELISA(ImmunodiagnosticSystems Inc., Fountain Hills, AZ,USA) | Adjusted for age, sex, school education, smoking status, season, alcohol consumption, BMI, and history of depression |
Buell, 2010, USA | Cross-sectional | M/W | 73.5 | 318 | Not report | < 20 | 2.21 | 1.13–4.32 | 7 | Radioimmunoassay (DiaSorin, Inc., Stillwater, MN,USA) on fasting blood sample | Age, race, sex, body mass index, and education, kidney function, multivitamin use, season, diabetes, hypertension, plasma homocysteine, and ApoE allele status |
Nourhashemi,2018,French | Cross –sectional | M/W | 76.2 | 1680 | Not report | < 20 | 1.038 | 0.421–2.557 | 9 | a commercially available electro-chemiluminescencecompetitive binding assay | gender, BMI, season of blood collection, educational level, and ApoE ε4 genotype |