Table 4 Description of studies on lower limb rehabilitation (Second part)

Kim J-C et al.; 2017 [30]

Observation (2 min 30 s) + 12 min 30 s for physical training × 2/day

Actions: tasks related to STW and imitated actions. 16 tasks with adjusted difficulty and condition based on patient’s functional status and level

n.s.

Observe static landscape photos + physical training as the EG

WDI, LOS, TUG, DGI

No significant difference in the TUG, DGI, and WDI between the AOPT and LIOPT groups. Significant difference in LOS between the AOPT and LIOPT groups

Bae S et al.; 2017 [31]

20 min. Video of dorsiflexion of the contralateral ankle recorded in advance whit simultaneously application of ETFES, movement of the contralateral ankle, induced by ETFES shown live on a monitor during subjects’ performance

n.s.

Patients were instructed to dorsiflex upon FES application. A Microstim device was used to apply FES by bipolar placement of the electrodes. Asymmetrical biphasic waves were applied for 20 min with valgus position

MRCP was measured by the QEEG-8; the H reflexes with Neuro-EMG-Micro, EMG, and Biorescue system for assessment of the effects of ETFES with AOT

MRCP in MP at C4 and dynamic balance (LOS) showed significant differences between DASI and control group

Park HJ et al.; 2017 [32]

video clips of walking on even and uneven ground, in a complex and unpredictable community environment, in a parking lot, shopping center

3 different directions (front back, side), 2 different filming speeds: normal and half times normal speed.

30 min video clips of static landscape pictures; any human or animal representation were excluded

10MWT

In EG walking function and ambulation confidence was significantly different between the pre- and post-intervention, whereas the CG showed a significant difference only in the 10MWT

Lee et al.; 2017 [33]

Observation (15 min) + execution (15 min)

Actions: dorsiflexor training composed of 3 stages of active assistive exercise. 1 stage: knee joint extensor and dorsiflexor training. 2 stage: knee joint flexor and dorsiflexor training. 3 stage: hip and knee joint flexor and dorsiflexor training

Front and lateral side videos were produced separately for the left and right hemiplegic subjects

The MTA group received mirror therapy for 15 min/day and physical training of the same motions without a mirror for 15 min/day. The AOT group conducted action observation only for 30 min/day

OBI, ABI, MBI, Postural stability and fall risk, mEFAP

No significant difference was found between the groups on all outcome measures

Park and Hwangbo; 2015 [34]

AOGT: 3 min video+ 1 min break + 5 min walking training + 1–2 min break. (x3)

n.s.

GGT: 12 min video with break (3 min) showing images of nature unrelated with walking + 20 min walking training

Balance ability: sway area, sway speed, limit of stability by analysis system using biofeedback, AP1153BioRescue. Gait ability: TUG, 10MWT

There were significant differences in the sway speed, in the limit of stability, in TUG and 10 MWT between the two groups after the experiment but not in the sway area

Park HR et al.; 2014 [35]

Observation (10 min) of video clips + sessions of walking training (20 min).

4 Tasks for functional training frequently experienced in premorbid life including weight shifting to the affected side, walking on straight and curved paths, walking on even and uneven surfaces, crossing obstacle.

2 filming speed options (normal and half- speeds) in the front, back and side views in twice sequence

Observation of video clips showing different landscape images (10 min) + perform the same walking tasks as the EG

10MWT, DGI, Gait Symmetry Score

The difference between the pre- and post-test values of the 10MWT, figure-of-8 walk test, and DGI showed statistically significant differences between the EG and CG

Kim JH et al.; 2013 [36]

Observation (20 min) + Physical training with a therapist (10 min).

Actions: 4 stages including trunk flexion, trunk rotation, sit to stand, and crossing obstacles.

n.s.

MIG: 20 min of motor imagery program played through a computer speaker + physical training for 10 min based on the training contents.

PTG: training of the trunk for learning supine to rolling movements, sit to stand, and normal gait pattern

EEG data quantitative analysis using Telescan 2.9. Raw EEG data were converted into frequencies, then relative alpha power (8–13/4–50 Hz) and relative beta power (13–20/4–50 Hz) were analyzed

There were no significantly differences between the 3 groups

Kim JH et Lee BH; 2013 [37]

Observation of task video (20 min) + physical training with a therapist (10 min)

Actions divided in 4 stages: Stage 1) pelvic tilting, trunk flexion and extension, and trunk rotation in the sitting position; Stage 2) sit to stand and stand to sit; Stage 3) weight shift to the front and back, left and right; Stage 4) gait level surface and step over obstacle

The video was produced separately for patients with left hemiplegia and right hemiplegia

MIG: 20 min of motor imagery program + physical training for 10 min as in the EG program. PTG: training of the trunk for learning supine to rolling movements, sit-to-stand, normal gait pattern, as well as training of the lower extremity, weight shifting, and gait level surface and gait stairs

TUG, the functional reaching test, the walking ability questionnaire, the functional ambulation category. Spatiotemporal gait parameters were collected using a GAITRite system

No significant differences in any outcome measure were observed between the AOT group and the MIG, except for Stride length. Significant difference was observed between the AOT group and the PTG in the TUG, gait speed, cadence, and single limb support of the affected side