Table 1 Specifications of studies entered into the meta-analysis
Author, year, Reference | Place of study | clinical form of the disease (Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) | type of exercise | sample size Control group | sample size intervention group | Mean ± SD of Before | Mean ± SD of After | P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kargarfard, 2018, [15] | Iran | Progressive <5.5 | Aquatic Exercise | 15 | 17 | 43.10 ± 14.60 | 32.80 ± 5.91 | 0.01 |
Pazokian, 2013, [18] | Iran | Progressive <5.5 | Aerobic Exercise | 40 | 40 | 42.95 ± 15.02 | 43.1 ± 14.6 | 0.001 |
Pazokian, 2012, [19] | Iran | Progressive <5.5 | Aerobic Stretching‌ Exercise | 40 | 40 | 51.35 ± 12.83 | 28.17 ± 10.32 | 0.001 |
Khodadadi, 2012, [20] | Iran | progressive 4.26 ± 1.48 | Frankel exercises | 15 | 15 | 4.86 ± 1.18 | 3.20 ± 0.94 | 0.0001 |
Asadi zaker, 2010, [21] | Iran | progressive 3.03 ± 1.63 | Aerobic Stretching‌ Exercise | 15 | 15 | 5.1 ± 1.1 | 1.80 ± 0.93 | 0.001 |
Shanazari, 2012, [22] | Iran | progressive <4.5 | Aquatic Exercise | 19 | 19 | 72.47 ± 5.99 | 40.20 ± 8.30 | 0.05 |
Ebrahimi-1, 2013, [23] | Iran | Progressive 2.6 ± 0.73 | Resistance Exercise | 20 | 20 | 3.98 ± 1.40 | 2.84 ± 1.20 | 0.15 |
Ebrahimi-2, 2013, [23] | Iran | Progressive 2.65 ± 0.91 | Endurance exercise | 20 | 20 | 4.39 ± 1.56 | 3.64 ± 1.71 | 0.48 |
Khademolsharieh, 2018, [24] | Iran | Progressive 3.4 ± 0.5 | Endurance- Resistance exercise | 10 | 10 | 32.91 ± 4.87 | 26.25 ± 7.57 | 0.001 |
Razavi, 2015, [25] | Iran | Progressive 2.04 ± 1.01 | Aqua Gymnastic Exercises | 24 | 24 | 4.68 ± 1.47 | 3.23 ± 1.51 | 0.017 |
Shaeifi, 2013, [26] | Iran | Progressive 1–5 | Endurance- Resistance exercise | 35 | 35 | 31.07 ± 5.17 | 23.40 ± 5.18 | 0.06 |
Abasi, 2016, [27] | Iran | Progressive <4.5 | Rehabilitation exercises | 48 | 48 | 64.23 ± 3.3 | 30.05 ± 3.1 | 0.05 |
Moradi, 2015, [28] | Iran | Progressive 3.57 ± 0.85 | 8 weeks of resistance training | 15 | 15 | 3.23 ± 2.50 | 2.23 ± 1.21 | 0.029 |
Negaresh, 2019, [29] | Iran | Progressive 1.8 ± 0.8 | short-term interval exercise | 14 | 17 | 3.40 ± 0.50 | 3.20 ± 0.70 | 0.06 |
Ghaffari, 2008, [30] | Iran | Progressive <5.5 | Aquatic Exercise | 25 | 25 | 5.48 ± 0.71 | 2.56 ± 0.65 | 0.001 |
Eftekhari, 2008, [31] | Iran | Progressive 2.1 ± 0.4 | Endurance exercise | 24 | 24 | 10.80 ± 3.90 | 9.00 ± 4.50 | 0.015 |
Kooshiar, 2015, [32] | Iran | Progressive <6 | Aerobic Exercise | 20 | 20 | 41.75 ± 8.33 | 35.06 ± 12.20 | 0.001 |
Ghajarzadeh, 2013, [33] | Iran | Progressive 5.3 ± 2.1 | Aerobic Exercise | 75 | 75 | 29.70 ± 17.00 | 13.80 ± 14.10 | 0.001 |
Moghadas, 2017, [34] | Iran | Progressive 2.17 ± 0.92 | Neurofeedback Training | 10 | 8 | 5.27 ± 0.23 | 5.21 ± 0.21 | 0.104 |
Belochi, 2012, [35] | Iran | Progressive <5.5 | Cauthorn and Coxy exercises | 15 | 15 | 3.65 ± 2.54 | 2.23 ± 1.21 | 0.842 |
McCullagh, 2008, [16] | Ireland | Progressive 2–5 | Long-term exercise | 12 | 12 | 20.0 ± 2.5 | 3.0 ± 0.8 | 0.02 |
Mostert, 2002, [17] | Swiss | Progressive <4.5 | 4 weeks of aerobic exercise | 24 | 12 | 5.10 ± 1.80 | 4.40 ± 1.90 | – |
Surakka-1, 2004, [36] | Finland | Progressive <6 | aerobic exercise | 31 | 30 | 27.30 ± 2.20 | 26.30 ± 2.00 | – |
Surakka-2, 2004, [36] | Finland | Progressive <6 | strength exercise | 17 | 17 | 24.80 ± 3.10 | 23.50 ± 2.90 | – |
Learmonth, 2012, [37] | England | Progressive 6.14 ± 0.36 | 12-week group exercise | 12 | 20 | 5.70 ± 1.20 | 5.30 ± 1.70 | 0.108 |
Kileff, 2005, [38] | England | Progressive <6 | aerobic exercise | 15 | 15 | 50.29 ± 6.42 | 40.57 ± 8.92 | 0.058 |
Oken, 2004, [39] | USA | – | aerobic exercise | 15 | 15 | 13.20 ± 4.00 | 12.10 ± 1.80 | 0.01 |
White, 2004, [40] | USA | Progressive 1–5 | resistance training | 5 | 5 | 32.00 ± 18.00 | 25.00 ± 8.00 | 0.04 |
Vore, 2011, [41] | USA | Progressive 2–5 | 10-week group exercise | 11 | 11 | 26.90 ± 5.85 | 21.82 ± 8.88 | – |
Petajan, 1996, [42] | USA | Progressive 3.8 ± 0.3 | aerobic exercise | 25 | 21 | 48.70 ± 2.00 | 44.40 ± 1.8 | 0.05 |
Mathiowetz, 2001, [43] | USA | – | 13-week group exercise | 54 | 54 | 22.00 ± 7.70 | 17.30 ± 8.20 | – |