Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients
Variables | No. (%) |
|---|---|
Total patients | 448 |
Gender | |
 Male | 354 (79.0) |
 Female | 94 (21.0) |
Age, mean ± SD, years | 68.1 ± 12.4 (14.0–98.0) |
Head trauma event | 295 (65.8) |
Medical history | |
 Hypertension | 172 (38.4) |
 Diabetes | 59 (13.2) |
 Heart disease | 47 (10.5) |
 Cerebral infarction | 28 (6.3) |
 Renal failure dialysis | 3 (0.7) |
Antiplatelet or anticoagulant use | |
 Antiplatelet use | 32 (7.1) |
 Anticoagulant use | 15 (3.3) |
Preoperative clinical symptoms | |
 Headache | 202 (45.1) |
 Dizziness | 139 (31.0) |
 Motor weakness | 253 (56.5) |
 Nausea/vomiting | 31 (6.9) |
 Speech impairment | 17 (3.8) |
 Unsteady gait | 8 (1.8) |
 Incontinence | 11 (2.5) |
 Memory impairment | 14 (3.1) |
GCS at admission | |
 15 | 385 (85.9) |
 3–14 | 63 (14.1) |
Operation side | |
 Unilateral hematoma | 294 (65.6) |
 Bilateral hematoma | 154 (34.4) |
 Bilateral evacuated unilaterally | 54 (12.1) |
 Bilateral evacuated bilaterally | 100 (22.3) |
Radiological characteristics | |
 Midline shift | |
   < 10 mm | 292 (65.2) |
   ≥ 10 mm | 156 (34.8) |
 Preoperative maximal thickness | |
   < 20 mm | 99 (22.1) |
   ≥ 20 mm | 349 (77.9) |
 Hematoma density | |
  Hyperdense | 133 (29.7) |
  Hypodense | 71 (15.8) |
  Mixed density | 210 (46.9) |
  Iso-dense | 34 (7.6) |
Treatment | |
 Atorvastatin perioperatively | 171 (38.2) |
 Anesthesia | |
  Local | 201 (44.9) |
  General | 247 (55.1) |
 Intraoperative irrigation | |
  Irrigation | 376 (83.9) |
  Non-irrigation | 72 (16.1) |
  Injection urokinase after operation | 12 (2.7) |
 Duration of drainage, day | |
  1 | 63 (14.1) |
  2 | 306 (68.3) |
   ≥ 3 | 79 (17.6) |
Outcomes and complications | |
 Clinical symptoms changes at discharge | |
  Improvement | 384 (85.7) |
  Unchanged | 19 (4.3) |
  Deterioration | 45 (10.0) |
GCS at discharge | |
  Improvement | 62 (13.8) |
  Unchanged | 373 (83.3) |
  Deterioration | 13 (2.9) |
  Complications | 122 (27.2) |
  Fever | 69 (15.4) |
  Irritability | 19 (4.3) |
  Poor wound healing | 1 (0.2) |
  Seizure | 2 (0.4) |
  Deep vein thrombosis | 1 (0.2) |
  AIH | 23 (5.1) |
  CIH | 7 (1.6) |
  Recurrence | 60 (13.4) |
  Mortality | 1 (0.2) |
Hospitalization time, mean ± SD, days | 14.0 ± 5.5 (3.0–42.0) |