Table 1 Neurological examination. 1Currently, we also employ the Jamar dynamometer.2 Not included in the statistical analysis
Procedures | Findings | |
|---|---|---|
1. | Pupillary examination | Miosis, mydriasis, anisocoria, diminished reflex to light |
2. | Oculomotricity | Strabismus, nystagmus |
3. | Inspection uvula and tongue | Deviation, asymmetry |
4. | Grip strength measurement with Collins dynamometer1 | Unilateral or bilateral decrease below the 10th centile of the corresponding age and gender group |
5. | Deep tendon reflexes, abdominal reflexes and plantar reflexes | absent, decreased, brisk, appearance of pathological reflexes |
6. | Sensibility to temperature in at least 40 body areas | Anesthesia, hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia, dysesthesias or evoked paresthesias |
7. | Sensibility to touch in at least 40 body areas | Anesthesia, hypoesthesia, hyperesthesia, dysesthesias or evoked paresthesias |
8. | Lasègue’s test | Positive if pain elicited, specifying its location and leg elevation angle |
9. | Mingazzini’s test | Paresis |
10. | Reversed Lasègue’s test2 | Positive if thigh pain elicited with flexion of the leg in prone position |
11. | Barré’s test2 | Paresis |
12. | Tender points on the back and lower limbs 2 | Positive if pain elicited in certain spots with thumb pressure |
13. | Inspection and palpation of sacral area | Deformation, sacral dimple, hypersensitivity |
14. | Inspection of back, shoulders and scapulae2 | Shoulder asymmetry, winged scapulae waist fold sign thorax, scoliotic attitude |
15. | Romberg’s test | Instability, retropulsion or lateropulsion |
16. | Toe and heel walking2 | Paresis, instability, ataxia |
17. | Quadriceps paresis test 2 | Positive if difficult or impossible to stand up from alternate unilateral kneeling position |