Table 1 Summary of characteristics of the included studies
Study, y | Country | Research institution | Type | Sample size | Gender distribution male/female | Mean age, y | Outcome | LD Protocol |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jonathan 2018 [11] | India | a private, minority-run medical school, hospital and research institute | RCT | 60 | LD 17/13 no LD 14/16 | LD 36.7 ± 12.4 no LD 41.8 ± 11.4 | Intraoperative CSF leakage: LD 1/30; no LD 14/30 Postoperative CSF leakage: LD 0/30; no LD 1/30 | 30 ml CSF at first, then intraoperative drained if necessary, removed immediately after surgery, or kept draining for 5 days if a CSF leakage happened. |
Liu 2020 [12] | China | a third-grade class-A hospital | cohort study | 189 | LD 61/58 no LD 38/32 | LD 45.5 ± 17.5 no LD 47.8 ± 15.9 | Intraoperative CSF leakage: LD 12/119; no LD 22/70 Postoperative CSF leakage: LD 4/119; no LD 8/70 | 10–20 ml CSF at each time, removed immediately after surgery, or kept draining 150 ml CSF per day for 3–5 days if a CSF leakage happened. |
Mehta 2012 [13] | America | an academic health care center associated with the University of Virginia | cohort study | 158 | LD 27/17 no LD 46/68 | LD 55 ± 15 no LD 47 ± 15 | Intraoperative CSF leakage: LD 2/44; no LD 47/114 Postoperative CSF leakage: LD 2/44; no LD 6/114 | 20 ml CSF at each time for a total of 20–60 ml CSF, removed immediately after surgery. |
Sade 2006 [14] | Canada | an acute-care teaching hospital affiliated with McGill University | cohort study | 85 | Not clear | Not clear | Intraoperative CSF leakage: LD 12/32; no LD 22/53 | Infuse 5–25 ml saline, then drained same amount of CSF. |
Alharbi 2018 [15] | Saudi Arabia | A tertiary referral hospital | cohort study | 186 | 87/99 | 50.3 ± 16.1 | Postoperative CSF leakage: LD 1/51; no LD 7/135 | Drained for 48 h, then removed. |