Fig. 3

Cortical tuber and sub-ependymal nodule images and histology. a Widening of a gyrus caused by a cortical tuber. b Section of the cortical tuber showing a disorganized architecture of the cerebral cortex and the blurred margin between the grey and white matter. c Histologically, the cortical tuber is characterized by large abnormal astrocytic cells, sometimes with multiple nuclei, and by round “balloon cells” with a peripheral nucleus. d Large subependymal nodule (indicated by arrows) bulging in the ventricle. e Subependymal nodule located in the germinal zone, close to the head of the caudate. f Histologically, the subependymal nodule is made up of a mixture of elongated glial cells and some “balloon cells”