TY - STD TI - Smith CJ, Bray BD, Hoffman A, Meisel A, Heuschmann PU, Wolfe CD, Tyrrell PJ, Rudd AG, Intercollegiate Stroke Working Party Group. Can a novel clinical risk score improve pneumonia prediction in acute stroke care? A UK multicenter cohort study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015;4(1):e001307. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.114.001307. ID - ref1 ER - TY - STD TI - Ji R, Shen H, Pan Y, Wang P, Liu G, Wang Y, China National Stroke Registry Investigators. Novel risk score to predict pneumonia after acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1303–09. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.111.000598. ID - ref2 ER - TY - STD TI - Finlayson O, Kapral M, Hall R, Asllani E, Selchen D, Saposnik G, Canadian stroke network; stroke outcome research Canada (SORCan) working group. Risk factors, inpatient care, and outcomes of pneumonia after ischemic stroke. Neurology. 2011;77(14):1338–45. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31823152b1. ID - ref3 ER - TY - STD TI - Meisel A, Smith CJ. Stroke: preventive antibiotics for stroke associated pneumonia. Nat Rev Neurol. 2015;11(12):672–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.220. ID - ref4 ER - TY - STD TI - Westendorp WF, Nederkoorn PJ, Vermeij JD, Dijkgraaf MG, van de Beek D. Post-stroke infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Neurol. 2011;11:110. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-11-110. ID - ref5 ER - TY - STD TI - Ionita CC, Siddiqui AH, Levy EI, Hopkins LN, Snyder KV, Gibbons KJ. Acute ischemic stroke and infections. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2011;20(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2009.09.011. ID - ref6 ER - TY - STD TI - Vermeij JD, Westendorp WF, van de Beek D, Nederkoorn PJ. Post-stroke infections and preventive antibiotics in stroke: update of clinical evidence. Int J Stroke. 2018;13(9):913–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747493018798557. ID - ref7 ER - TY - STD TI - Hoffmann S, Harms H, Ulm L, Nabavi DG, Mackert BM, Schmehl I, Jungehulsing GJ, Montaner J, Bustamante A, Hermans M, Hamilton F, Göhler J, Malzahn U, Malsch C, Heuschmann PU, Meisel C, Meisel a; PREDICT investigators. Stroke-induced immunodepression and dysphagia independently PREDICT stroke-associated pneumonia—the PREDICT study. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2017;37(12):3671–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0271678X16671964. ID - ref8 ER - TY - STD TI - Meisel C, Schwab JM, Prass K, Meisel A, Dirnagl U. Central nervous system injury-induced immune deficiency syndrome. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005;6(10):775–86. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1765. ID - ref9 ER - TY - STD TI - Dirnagl U, Klehmet J, Braun JS, Harms H, Meisel C, Ziemssen T, Prass K, Meisel A.. Stroke-induced immunodepression: experimental evidence and clinical relevance. Stroke. 2007;38(2):770–3. https:// doi.https://doi.org/10.1161/01.STR.0000251441.89665.bc. ID - ref10 ER - TY - STD TI - Curbelo J, Luquero Bueno S, Galván-Román JM, Ortega-Gómez M, Rajas O, Fernández-Jiménez G, Vega-Piris L, Rodríguez-Salvanes F, Arnalich B, Díaz A, Costa R, de la Fuente H, Lancho Á, Suárez C, Ancochea J, Aspa J. Inflammation biomarkers in blood as mortality predictors in community-acquired pneumonia admitted patients: importance of comparison with neutrophil count percentage or neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0173947. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173947. ID - ref11 ER - TY - STD TI - de Jager CP, Wever PC, Gemen EF, Kusters R, van Gageldonk-Lafeber AB, van der Poll T, Laheij RJ.. The neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046561. ID - ref12 ER - TY - STD TI - Berhane M, Melku M, Amsalu A, Enawgaw B, Getaneh Z, Asrie F. The role of neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio in the differential diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis and bacterial community-acquired pneumonia: a cross-sectional study at ayder and mekelle hospitals, Ethiopia. Clin Lab. 2019;65(4). https://doi.org/10.7754/Clin.Lab.2018.180833. ID - ref13 ER - TY - STD TI - Liu X, Shen Y, Wang H, Ge Q, Fei A, Pan S. Prognostic significance of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in patients with sepsis: a prospective observational study. Mediat Inflamm. 2016;2016:8191254. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/8191254. ID - ref14 ER - TY - STD TI - Wang L, Song Q, Wang C, Wu S, Deng L, Li Y, Zheng L, Liu M Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio predicts poor outcomes after acute ischemic stroke: A cohort study and systematic review J Neurol Sci 2019;406:116445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2019.116445. ID - ref15 ER - TY - STD TI - Semerano A, Strambo D, Martino G, Comi G, Filippi M, Roveri L, Bacigaluppi M. Leukocyte counts and ratios are predictive of stroke outcome and hemorrhagic complications independently of infections. Front Neurol. 2020;11:201. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2020.00201. ID - ref16 ER - TY - STD TI - Aly M, Abdalla RN, Batra A, Shaibani A, Hurley MC, Jahromi BS, Potts MB, Ansari SA. Follow-up neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio after stroke thrombectomy is an independent biomarker of clinical outcome. J Neurointerv Surg. 2020:neurintsurg-2020-016342. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2020-016342. ID - ref17 ER - TY - STD TI - Cheng Y, Ying A, Lin Y, Yu J, Luo J, Zeng Y, Lin Y. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, hyperglycemia, and outcomes in ischemic stroke patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Brain Behav. 2020;22:e01741. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1741. ID - ref18 ER - TY - STD TI - Ying A, Cheng Y, Lin Y, Yu J, Wu X, Lin Y. Dynamic increase in neutrophil levels predicts parenchymal hemorrhage and function outcome of ischemic stroke with r-tPA thrombolysis. Neurol Sci. 2020;41(8):2215–2223. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04324-6. ID - ref19 ER - TY - STD TI - Lux D, Alakbarzade V, Bridge L, Clark CN, Clarke B, Zhang L, Khan U, Pereira AC. The association of neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio and lymphocyte-monocyte ratio with 3-month clinical outcome after mechanical thrombectomy following stroke. J Neuroinflammation. 2020;17(1):60. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-020-01739-y. ID - ref20 ER - TY - STD TI - Hu Y, Huang K, Ji Z, Wang S, Bai M, Pan S, Lin Z, Wu Y. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor clinical outcome in patients with critically ill stroke. Minerva Anestesiol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0375-9393.20.14310-4. Online ahead of print. ID - ref21 ER - TY - STD TI - Nam KW, Kim TJ, Lee JS, Kwon HM, Lee YS, Ko SB, Yoon BW. High neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts stroke-associated pneumonia. Stroke. 2018;49(8):1886–1892. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.021228. ID - ref22 ER - TY - STD TI - Wang L, Guo W, Wang C, Yang X, Hao Z, Wu S, Zhang S, Wu B, Liu M. Dynamic change of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios and infection in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Curr Neurovasc Res. 2020. https://doi.org/10.2174/1567202617666200408091131. ID - ref23 ER - TY - STD TI - Yang Y, Shi YZ, Zhang N, Wang S, Ungvari GS, Ng CH, Wang YL, Zhao XQ, Wang YJ, Wang CX, Xiang YT. The disability rate of 5-year post-stroke and its correlation factors: a National Survey in China. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):e0165341. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165341. ID - ref24 ER - TY - STD TI - Hannawi Y, Hannawi B, Rao CP, Suarez JI, Bershad EM. Strokeassociated pneumonia: major advances and obstacles. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2013;35(5):430–43. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350199. ID - ref25 ER - TY - STD TI - Vermeij FH, Scholte op Reimer WJ, de Man P, van Oostenbrugge RJ, Franke CL, de Jong G, de Kort PL, Dippel DW; Netherlands Stroke Survey Investigators. Stroke-associated infection is an independent risk factor for poor outcome after acute ischemic stroke: data from the Netherlands Stroke Survey. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27(5):465–471. https://doi.org/10.1159/000210093. ID - ref26 ER - TY - STD TI - Yeh SJ, Huang KY, Wang TG, Chen YC, Chen CH, Tang SC, Tsai LK, Yip PK, Jeng JS. Dysphagia screening decreases pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to the stroke intensive care unit. J Neurol Sci. 2011; 306(1–2):38–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2011.04.001. ID - ref27 ER - TY - STD TI - Saposnik G, Hill MD, O’Donnell M, Fang J, Hachinski V and Kapral MK. Variables associated with 7-day, 30-day, and 1-year fatality after ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2008;39(8):2318–24. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.107.510362. ID - ref28 ER - TY - STD TI - Khoury T, Mari A, Nseir W, Kadah A, Sbeit W, Mahamid M. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is independently associated with inflammatory activity and fibrosis grade in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;31(9):1110–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000001393. ID - ref29 ER - TY - STD TI - Song M, Liu Y, Lu Z, Luo H, Peng H, Chen P. Prognostic factors for ARDS: clinical, physiological and atypical immunodeficiency. BMC Pulm Med. 2020;20(1):102. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-020-1131-0. ID - ref30 ER - TY - STD TI - Feliciano EMC, Kroenke CH, Meyerhardt JA, Prado CM, Bradshaw PT, Kwan ML, Xiao J, Alexeeff S, Corley D, Weltzien E, Castillo AL, Caan BJ. Association of Systemic Inflammation and Sarcopenia with Survival in nonmetastatic colorectal Cancer: results from the C SCANS study. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3(12):e172319. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.2319. ID - ref31 ER - TY - STD TI - Selvaggio S, Abate A, Brugaletta G, Musso C, Di Guardo M, Di Guardo C, Vicari ESD, Romano M, Luca S, Signorelli SS. Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and monocyte-to-HDL cholesterol ratio as markers of peripheral artery disease in elderly patients. Int J Mol Med. 2020;46(3):1210–16. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2020.4644. ID - ref32 ER - TY - STD TI - Tao C, Wang J, Hu X, Ma J, Li H, You C. Clinical value of neutrophil to lymphocyte and platelet to lymphocyte ratio after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care. 2017;26(3):393–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-016-0332-0. ID - ref33 ER - TY - JOUR AU - Gokhan, S. AU - Ozhasenekler, A. AU - Mansur Durgun, H. AU - Akil, E. AU - Ustundag, M. AU - Orak, M. PY - 2013 DA - 2013// TI - Neutrophil lymphocyte ratios in stroke subtypes and transient ischemic attack JO - Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci VL - 17 ID - Gokhan2013 ER - TY - STD TI - Jones KA, Maltby S, Plank MW, Kluge M, Nilsson M, Foster PS, Walker FR. Peripheral immune cells infiltrate into sites of secondary neurodegeneration after ischemic stroke. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;67:299–307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2017.09.006. ID - ref35 ER - TY - STD TI - Brooks SD, Spears C, Cummings C, VanGilder RL, Stinehart KR, Gutmann L, Domico J, Culp S, Carpenter J, Rai A, Barr TL. Admission neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts 90 day outcome after endovascular stroke therapy. J NeuroIntervent Surg. 2014;6(8):578–83. https://doi.org/10.1136/neurintsurg-2013-010780. ID - ref36 ER - TY - STD TI - Saliba W, Barnett-Griness O, Elias M, Rennert G. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and risk of a first episode of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2015;13(11):1971–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/jth.13006. ID - ref37 ER - TY - STD TI - Li L, Zhang LH, Xu WP, Hu JM. Risk assessment of ischemic stroke associated pneumonia. World J Emerg Med. 2014;5(3):209–13. https://doi.org/10.5847/wjem.j.1920-8642.2014.03.009. ID - ref38 ER - TY - STD TI - Anrather J, Iadecola C. Inflammation and stroke: an overview. Neurotherapeutics. 2016;13(4):661–70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13311-016-0483-x. ID - ref39 ER - TY - STD TI - Lattanzi S, Brigo F, Trinka E, Cagnetti C, Di Napoli M, Silvestrini M. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio in acute cerebral hemorrhage: a system review. Transl Stroke Res. 2019;10(2):137–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12975-018-0649-4. ID - ref40 ER - TY - STD TI - Macrez R, Ali C, Toutirais O, Le Mauff B, Defer G, Dirnagl U, Vivien D. Stroke and the immune system: from pathophysiology to new therapeutic strategies. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10(5):471–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70066-7. ID - ref41 ER - TY - STD TI - de Jager CP, Wever PC, Gemen EF, Kusters R, van Gageldonk Lafeber AB, van der Poll T, Laheij RJ. The neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio in patients with community-acquired pneumonia. PLoS One. 2012;7(10):e46561. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046561. ID - ref42 ER - TY - STD TI - Shim R, Wong CH. Ischemia, immunosuppression and infection tackling the predicaments of post-stroke complications. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17(1):64. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17010064. ID - ref43 ER - TY - STD TI - Prass K, Meisel C, Höflich C, Braun J, Halle E, Wolf T, Ruscher K, Victorov IV, Priller J, Dirnagl U, Volk HD, Meisel A. Stroke induced immunodeficiency promotes spontaneous bacterial infections and is mediated by sympathetic activation reversal by poststroke T helper cell type 1-like immunostimulation. J Exp Med. 2003;198(5):725–36. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20021098. ID - ref44 ER - TY - STD TI - Walter U, Knoblich R, Steinhagen V, Donat M, Benecke R, Kloth A. Predictors of pneumonia in acute stroke patients admitted to a neurological intensive care unit. J Neurol. 2007;254(10):1323–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-007-0520-0. ID - ref45 ER -