Table 1 Summary of case reports about secondary GBM with extracranial metastasis
From: Extracranial metastases in secondary glioblastoma multiforme: a case report
Authors and Year | Age (years) | Gender | Baseline histology | Primary lesion biomolecular pattern | Primary lesion treatment | Time between primary lesion and GBM (months) | Secondary GBM biomolecular pattern | Secondary GBM treatment | Time between secondary GBM and metastases (months) | Metastases localization | Metastases treatment | Survival time from metastases (months) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cervio et al., 2001 [4] | 44 | Male | WHO grade II Oligodendroastrocytoma | Positivity for GFAP, Ki-67 index: 4% | Surgery followed by CT (4 cicles of Lomustine) | 141 | Positivity for EGFR; negativity for P53; absence of 1p/19q deletion; ki-67 index: 22% | Surgery, followed by WBRT | 12 | Bone (pelvis, femurs, sternum, shoulders, ribs, dorsal and lumbar vertebrae) | CT (Etoposide 50 mg per day) | 5 |
Ueda et al., 2004 [14] | 42 | Male | WHO grade II Astrocytoma | Positivity for GFAP, DNA-PKcs, Ku70, Ku86, MIB-1 | Two surgeries and RT for recurrence | 73 | Positivity for GFAP, vimentin, IGFBP2, BAD; negativity for p53, mdm2, p16; weak positivity for Ku70; MIB-1 positive rate: 21% at the third surgery, 28% at the fourth surgery | Surgery, followed by CT (3 cycles of ranimustine) and a fourth surgery | 0 | Cervical spinal cord, both lungs, epicardium, right kidney, pancreas, liver, left cervical and auricle soft tissue, bones (left clavicle, left ribs, cervical and thoracic vertebrae), and multiple lymph nodes | CT (3 cycles of ranimustina-9, followed by surgery (on intracranial and subcutaneous lesion) | 18 |
Zhen et al., 2010 [9] | 25 | Male | WHO grade II Astrocytoma | Weak positivity for p53 and EGFR | Surgery | 13 | Positivity for p53, EGFR, MGMT, syn, CD56, Ki-67; negativity for CD3, CD99, GFAP, S-100, VEGF, Vimentin, Leu-7, Olig-2, Nestin, Neu-N | Surgery, followed by RT | 2 | Right cervical lymph node; bone (mainly pelvic bone) | Neck dissection, followed by CT | Not reported |
Blume et al., 2013 [15] | 35 | Male | WHO grade II Astrocytoma | Positivity for GFAP, MAP 2c, WT1, IDH1- mutated. Nuclear accumulation of p53 in a subpopulation of ca. 1–2% | Stereotactic biopsy and follow-up | 24 | Positivity for GFAP in 65% and p53 in 5–10% of tumor cells | Surgery, followed by RT, and concomitant CT with Temozolomide | 36 | Lung, pulmonary lymph nodes, vertebrae, cervical muscles and epidural space | Surgery on the cervical spine, followed by combined RT and CT with temozolomide | 10 |
Taskapılıoglu et al., 2013 [16] | 30 | Female | WHO grade III Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma | Positivity for S-100 and focal GFAP expression | Surgery | 7 | Positivity for GFAP and p53 | Surgery, followed by RT and CT (7 cycles of Temozolomide) | 10 | Right parotid gland; right cervical, preauricular and retro auricular lymph nodes; bone (left ischium) | parotidectomy and radical neck dissection | 6 |
Granados et al., 2018 [13] | 15 | Female | Low grade Astrocytoma | Not described | Ventriculoperitoneal shunt, followed by RT; subsequent stereotactic radiosurgery for a relapse | 49 | Not described | CT with Temozolomide | 0 | Posterior wall of the uterus, lateral wall of the rectum, II hepatic segment, right kidney, and peritoneal layers | Palliative care | 1 |
Rodrigues et al., 2020 [17] | 32 | Male | WHO grade III Anaplastic Astrocytoma | Positivity for GFAP, mutated IDH1 (R132H) negative, Ki-67 index: 8% | Stereotactic biopsy, followed by CT with Temozolomide and RT | 19 | Positivity for GFAP, Vimentin, S100β, SOX-2, Nestin | RT, CT and palliative surgery | 0 | Cervical nodes, neck, ribs, thoracic spine and the scapula | RT, CT and two palliative surgeries | 3 |
Our case | 29 | Female | WHO grade II Astrocytoma | MGMT promoter methylated, IDH1-mutated; absence of 1p/19q deletion; ki-67 index: 4% | Two surgeries | 34 | MGMT promoter methylated, IDH1-mutated; absence of 1p/19q deletion; ki-67 index: 60% | Surgery, followed by RT, concomitant and adjuvant CT with Temozolomide | 5 | Right cervical lymph node; bone (ilium, femurs, scapula, humeral head bilaterally, sternum, ribs, vertebrae and the sacrum) | Locoregional RT and CT | 9 |