Table 2 Characteristics of included studies
Authors | N BCI / Control | Age | Time after stroke | BCI intervention | Control Group | Outcome | Training duration | Training intensity | Baseline Fugl-Meyer UE (mean) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ang, 2010 [16] | 11/14 | 51.8 | chronic | BCI-Manus robot | Manus robot | FM-UE | 4 weeks | 3 per week | 14.9 |
Ang, 2014 [18] | 6/8/7 | 54.2 | chronic | BCI-Haptic knob | Haptic knob, standard arm therapy | FM-UE | 4 weeks | 3 per week | 27.0 |
Ang, 2015 [14] | 11/15 | 51.4 | chronic | BCI-Manus robot | Manus robot | FM-UE, Brain symmetry index | 4 weeks | 3 per week | 26.4 |
Biasuicci, 2018 [19] | 14/13 | 58.0 | subacute | BCI-FES | FES | FM-UE, Functional connectivity change | 6 weeks | 2 per week | 21.6/19.9 |
Chung, 2015 [20] | 5/5 | 43.6/50.2 | chronic | BCI-FES | FES | Attention index Fp1 und Fp2 Activation index | 5 days |  | – |
Chung, 2015 [21] | 5/5 | 43.6/50.2 | chronic | BCI-FES | FES | TUG, BBS, cadence, affected sidestep lengths, affected side stride lengths | 5 days |  | – |
Curado, 2015 [22] | 16/14 | 48.1 | subacute | BCI-robotic orthosis | Sham | mFM-UE, EMG | Â | 5 per week | 13.1/15.0 |
Frolov, 2017 [23] | 55/19 | 58.0/58.0 | subgroups: chronic and subacute | BCI-hand exoskeleton | Sham | FM-UE, ARAT, MAS | 3 weeks | 5 per week | 19.5 |
Jang, 2015 | 10/10 | 61.1/61.7 | subacute | BCI-FES | FES | MFT, shoulder subluxation x-ray classification, VAS | 6 weeks | 5 per week | – |
Kim, 2016 [3] | 15/15 | 59.5 | chronic | BCI | Conventional therapy | FM-UE, MAL, mod. Barthel Index, RoM wrist flexion | 4 weeks | 5 per week | 26.8/21.9 |
Mrachacz-K., 2015 [25] | 13/9 | 46.3/50.2 | chronic | BCI-EEG during foot dorsiflexion | Non assistive BCI-EEG | FM-LE, 10MWT, foot tapping frequency, corticospinal tract integrity, mRS | 3 days |  | – |
Pichiorri, 2015 [26] | 14/14 | 64.1/59.6 | subacute | BCI-virtual hand feedback | MI | mFM-UE, MRC, NIHSS, effectiveness factor FM, Laterality index in motor and premotor cortices | 4 weeks | 3 per week | 23.4/24.2 |
Ramos-Murguialday, 2013 [27] | 16/16 | 49.3/50.3 | chronic | BCI-arm orthosis | Sham | mFM-UE, GAS, MAL, fMRI laterality index | 8 weeks | 2–3 per week | 11.2/13.3 |
Varkuti, 2013 [28] | 6/3 | 40.9/50.7 | subacute 4 chronic 5 | BCI-Manus robot | Manus robot | FM-UE, Functional connectivity change from RS-fMRI | 4 weeks | 3 per week | 35.0/47.0 |