Table 3 Disease severity and neuropsychological assessment in PD patients with different PWMH gradings

Gender (male, female)

9,7

37,53

19, 21

0.523

0.285

0.442

0.704

Age (years, mean (SD))

57.81 (11.49)

62.58 (10.67)

69.50 (8.60)

0.001*

0.067

0.001*

0.001*

HTN (number, percentage)

4 (25%)

31 (34.4%)

19 (47.5%)

0.211

0.461

0.125

0.160

DM (number, percentage)

2 (12.5%)

11 (12.2%)

6 (15%)

0.909

0.975

0.811

0.666

Hypercholesterolemia (number, percentage)

2 (12.5%)

20 (22.2%)

9 (22.5%)

0.665

0.379

0.399

0.972

Smoking (number, percentage)

0

4 (4.4%)

0

0.281

0.392

1.000

0.177

Medications (number, percentage)

11 (68.8%)

28 (31.1%)

13 (32.5%)

0.014*

0.004*

0.014*

0.875

UPDRS total, mean (SD)

43.43 (22.11)

36.68 (23.50)

41.58 (29.09)

0.456

0.229

0.486

0.555

Modified Hoehn and Yahr scale, mean (SD)

2.18 (1.34)

1.86 (1.04)

2.03 (1.26)

0.761

0.445

0.669

0.803

Schwab and England ADL scale, mean (SD)

82.67 (13.87)

83.97 (16.30)

80.52 (22.29)

0.823

0.527

0.680

0.841

MMSE, mean (SD)

27.62 (2.24)

24.71 (4.54)

22.56 (5.73)

0.001*

0.007*

0.001*

0.033*

 Attention, mean (SD)

0.83 (1.16)

−0.46 (2.17)

−1.44 (2.80)

0.003*

0.030*

0.001*

0.034*

 Executive function, mean (SD)

0.71 (3.97)

−0.97 (4.23)

−2.23 (5.11)

0.113

0.130

0.060

0.225

 Memory, mean (SD)

0.78 (1.14)

−0.36 (2.06)

−1.54 (2.94)

0.003*

0.033*

0.001*

0.037*

 Language, mean (SD)

0.31 (2.12)

−0.36 (2.20)

−1.48 (3.00)

0.040*

0.380

0.044*

0.028*

 Visual-spatial, mean (SD)

0.18 (1.96)

−0.83 (2.10)

−1.35 (2.57)

0.058

0.065

0.029*

0.210