Table 1 Included study data extraction
Study | N | Sample Characteristics | Research Design | Theoretical Framework | Intervention Modality/ Length and Comparator | Mindfulness Components | Outcome Measures | Number of Withdrawals/ Dropouts & Reasons | Results (p values, effect sizes, and 95% CIs where available) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Curtis et al. (2015) | 11 | Age (M & SD): 48.4 (15) Gender: 90.9% female Ethnicity: not reported Time since injury: M = 157.4 months Etiology of injury: six traumatic injuries, three non-traumatic, two not reported Status: five inpatients, six community-dwelling | Pretest-posttest of an eight-week modified yoga programme | Not reported | Modified eight-week yoga programme: one 45–60 min class per week. No comparator. | Brief (5–10 min) mindfulness meditations focusing on breathing and present moment awareness per class | -Yoga Satisfaction Scale -Toronto Mindfulness Scale -Brief Pain Inventory Short-Form -Pain Catastrophising Scale -Fatigue Severity Scale -Positive and Negative Affect Scale -Cognitive and Affective Mindfulness Scale | 6, did not complete course. | No significant changes in depression, pain and pain interference, pain catastrophising, or mindfulness (p > .05) |
Curtis et al. (2017) | 23 | Age (M & SD): Yoga group 47.9 (19.51), control group 54.8 (10.11) Gender: not reported Ethnicity: Yoga group 30% Caucasian, 40% south Asian, 10% African-Canadian, 10% east Asian, 10% hispanic. Control group 83.3% Caucasian, 8.3% east Asian, 8.3% other. Time since injury: not reported Etiology of injury: Yoga group seven traumatic injuries, three non-traumatic. Control group 8 traumatic, four non-traumatic Status: not reported | Randomised controlled trial | Not reported | Yoga: Two 50- to 60-min classes per week (approx. 12 h total) for six weeks. Control: wait-list control. | 10–15 min mindfulness meditations (breath awareness) per class | -Acceptance and Action Questionnaire -Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -General Self-Efficacy Scale -Post-Traumatic Growth Inventory -Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale -Self-Compassion Scale -Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire -Brief Pain Inventory Short Form -Pain Catastrophising Scale | 5, withdrew for logistical or non-study-related and illness reasons (e.g., unable to provide a doctor’s note to confirm eligibility, moved away, vertigo). 10 of 11 participants completed the yoga intervention. 8 of 12 control participants completed study. | Intervention significantly reduced depression severity (p < 0.05) and improved FFMQ-SF – total scores (p = 0.09), FFMQ-SF – observing scores (p = 0.06), and FFMQ-SF – non-reactivity scores (p = 0.04). No significant improvements seen in anxiety, pain and pain catastrophising (p >. 05). |
Flores et al. (2018) | 2 | Age (M & SD): Participant 1 39 years, participant 2 31 years Gender: 100% male Ethnicity: not reported Time since injury: two weeks Etiology of injury: Both traumatic Status: both inpatients | Case study | Not reported | Virtual reality enhanced Dialectical Behavioral Therapy Mindfulness Skills Training No comparator | Participants listened to mindfulness recordings between 8 and 10 min in length whilst wearing virtual reality goggles showing the illusion of floating down a 3D computer-generated river | -Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen -The Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory -Graphic Rating Scale (to measure sadness, fear, anger, guilt, shame, disgust, and joy, and acute stress disorder/PTSD) | None. | No statistical analysis run. Participant 1 underwent intervention four times: on day one, depression scores reduced from 8 to 6 out of 10 on a numerical rating scale after intervention. Anxiety reduced from 8 to 6 out of 10 after intervention. Participant 2 underwent intervention twice: on day one, ratings of depression fell from 6 to 5 out of 10 after intervention. Feeling anxious dropped from 7 to 6 out of 10 post-intervention. |
Hearn & Finlay (2018) | 67 | Age (M & SD): Mindfulness group 43.8 (8.7), control group 45.2 (12.2) Gender: Mindfulness group 53% female, control group 55% female Ethnicity: Mindfulness group 78% white British, control group 74% white British Time since injury: Mindfulness group 14% 1–2 years, 62% between 2 and 8 years, 24% 8+ years, control group 19% 1–2 years, 49% between 2 and 8 years, 32% 8+ years Etiology of injury: Mindfulness group 83% traumatic, 17% non-traumatic, control group 66% traumatic, 19% nontraumatic, 16% did not disclose Status: community dwelling | Randomised controlled trial | Experiential avoidance and behavioural flexibility | Intervention: eight-week online mindfulness training course delivered via two ten-minute mindfulness meditations per day, on six of seven days per week. Control: weekly psychoeducational content delivered via email once per week for eight weeks. | Body scanning, breath awareness, mindful movement, acceptance and self-compassion meditations, kindness to others meditations | -Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -World Health Organisation Quality of Life BREF -Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire -Pain Catastrophising Scale -Pain intensity and unpleasantness (0–10 numerical rating scale) | 10 discontinued mindfulness, 5 discontinued psychoeducation. 9 lost to follow-up. Reasons for drop out not reported. | At course completion: significant improvements in depression severity (p = .002, partial eta squared (η2p) = .184, 95% CI [− 2.43, − 0.58]), anxiety severity (p = .009, η2p = .137, 95% CI [− 2.60, − 0.40]), pain unpleasantness (p = .009, η2p = .137, 95% CI [− 1.67, − 0.25]), and pain catastrophising (p = .02, η2p = .110, 95% CI [− 4.14, − 0.38]) At three-month follow-up: significant improvements in severity of depression (p = .001, η2p = 0.223, 95% CI [− 3.62, − 1.10]), anxiety (p = .023, η2p = 0.112, 95% CI [− 2.39, − 0.23]), and pain catastrophizing (p = .001, η2p = 0.239, 95% CI [− 5.75, − 1.80]). |
Norrbrink Budh et al. (2006) | 38 | Age (M & SD): Intervention group 53.2 (12.6), control group 49.9 (12.3). Gender: Intervention group 66.7% female, control group 54.4% female Ethnicity: not reported Time since injury: Intervention group 9.9 years (SD 12.8), control group 15.8 years (SD 9.3). Etiology of injury: Intervention group 51.9% traumatic, 48.1% non-traumatic, control group 90.9% traumatic, 9.1% nontraumatic Status: community dwelling | Parallel design | Not reported | Intervention: two sessions per week for a ten-week cognitive behaviour driven programme. Control: no intervention. | Mindfulness and body awareness training | -Pain intensity and unpleasantness (CR10 scale and numerical and verbal rating scale) -Quality of Sleep Questionnaire -Nottingham Health Profile part 1 (QoL) -Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale -Sense of Coherence Instrument -Use of the healthcare system | None. | No significant change in pain intensity, pain unpleasantness, and quality of life. Anxiety and depression decreased from baseline to the 12-month follow-up. No statistical tests reported. |